Table 4.
Within mixed-sex twin fixed-effects models of the association between child sex and infant and child mortality (1–59 months) disaggregated by number of older sisters for India (panel A) and SSA (panel B)
| Mortality 1–59 Months, No Older Sisters | Mortality 1–59 Months, One Older Sister | Mortality 1–59 Months, Two Older Sisters | Mortality 1–59 Months, Three Older Sisters | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
| A. India | ||||
| Female | –0.009 | 0.025 | 0.077*** | 0.085*** |
| (0.008) | (0.013) | (0.019) | (0.024) | |
| Firstborn twin | –0.029*** | –0.049*** | –0.054** | –0.062* |
| (0.008) | (0.013) | (0.019) | (0.024) | |
| Constant | 0.088*** | 0.110*** | 0.108*** | 0.098*** |
| (0.007) | (0.011) | (0.017) | (0.021) | |
| Number of observations | 3,026 | 1,740 | 930 | 504 |
| R2 | .009 | .021 | .051 | .070 |
| Number of families | 1,513 | 870 | 465 | 252 |
| Baseline male mortality | 0.071 | 0.084 | 0.080 | 0.067 |
| B. Sub-Saharan Africa | ||||
| Female | –0.026** | –0.003 | –0.014 | –0.024 |
| (0.008) | (0.009) | (0.011) | (0.012) | |
| Firstborn twin | –0.045*** | –0.043*** | –0.039*** | –0.031* |
| (0.008) | (0.009) | (0.011) | (0.012) | |
| Constant | 0.217*** | 0.209*** | 0.201*** | 0.200*** |
| (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.010) | (0.011) | |
| Number of observations | 6,253 | 5,662 | 3,384 | 2,664 |
| R2 | .012 | .009 | .008 | .007 |
| Number of families | 3,129 | 2,835 | 1,693 | 1,332 |
| Baseline male mortality | 0.192 | 0.184 | 0.178 | 0.183 |
Notes: All estimates use pooled data from the Indian National Family Health Survey (1992–1993, 1998–1999, 2005–2006, 2015–2016) and the Demographic and Health Surveys in Africa. See Table A1, online appendix, for full list of SSA countries and survey waves. The analysis was conducted in STATA 15. Bold numbers indicate a statistically significant (p < .05) difference between the sister category in question and no older sisters.
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001