Table 2.
Cox regression analyses assessing unadjusted and adjusted risks to suffer PCR-confirmed COVID-19 in the total study cohort (N=79 083): Tarragona region (Southern Catalonia, Spain) from 1st. March 2020 to 23rd. May 2020
| Characteristic | LC-COVID-19 cases (n=349) | |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) P value |
Adjusted HR (95% CI) P value |
|
| Sociodemographic | ||
| Age (continuous years) | 1.07 (1.07 to 1.08) <0.001 | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.03) 0.002 |
| Sex: women | 1.28 (1.04 to 1.57) 0.019 | 0.95 (0.76 to 1.18) 0.624 |
| Nursing-home residence | 42.14 (34.37 to 51.66) <0.001 | 21.83 (16.66 to 28.61)<0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Neurological disease | 7.03 (5.39 to 9.16) <0.001 | 1.31 (0.97 to 1.77) 0.074 |
| Renal disease | 2.47 (1.83 to 3.34) <0.001 | 0.91 (0.66 to 1.26) 0.556 |
| Cancer | 1.62 (1.20 to 2.19) 0.002 | 1.17 (0.86 to 1.60) 0.315 |
| Rheumatic disease | 0.47 (0.12 to 1.90) 0.293 | 0.54 (0.13 to 2.19) 0.386 |
| Respiratory disease | 1.97 (1.50 to 2.58) <0.001 | 1.29 (0.89 to 1.87) 0.184 |
| Cardiac disease | 2.34 (1.89 to 2.90) <0.001 | 1.04 (0.80 to 1.34) 0.790 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 3.38 (2.54 to 4.50) <0.001 | 1.17 (0.74 to 1.84) 0.514 |
| Liver disease | 1.14 (0.57 to 2.30) 0.712 | 1.16 (0.57 to 2.35) 0.684 |
| Diabetes | 1.81 (1.45 to 2.27) <0.001 | 1.10 (0.73 to 1.65) 0.646 |
| Hypertension | 1.80 (1.46 to 2.20) <0.001 | 0.98 (0.74 to 1.29) 0.869 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia |
1.02 (0.83 to 1.26) 0.851 | 0.88 (0.70 to 1.11) 0.269 |
| Obesity | 0.89 (0.71 to 1.13) 0.344 | 0.87 (0.68 to 1.11) 0.262 |
| Smoking | 0.40 (0.27 to 0.59) <0.001 | 0.62 (0.41 to 0.93) 0.022 |
| Chronic medications use | ||
| Diuretics | 3.45 (2.76 to 4.30) <0.001 | 1.35 (1.04 to 1.76) 0.026 |
| Beta blockers | 1.59 (1.22 to 2.06) 0.001 | 0.96 (0.72 to 1.29) 0.790 |
| ACEIs | 1.22 (0.96 to 1.54) 0.098 | 0.85 (0.65 to 1.13) 0.260 |
| ARBs | 0.90 (0.65 to 1.26) 0.552 | 0.68 (0.47 to 0.99) 0.046 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 1.77 (1.32 to 2.38) <0.001 | 1.31 (0.95 to 1.79) 0.096 |
| Statins | 0.87 (0.67 to 1.12) 0.276 | 0.82 (0.60 to 1.11) 0.200 |
| Oral anticoagulants | 2.65 (1.95 to 3.61) <0.001 | 1.26 (0.76 to 2.07) 0.371 |
| Antiplatelet drugs | 2.24 (1.76 to 2.85) <0.001 | 1.35 (1.00 to 1.81) 0.051 |
| Insulin | 2.87 (2.06 to 3.99) <0.001 | 1.47 (0.98 to 2.21) 0.065 |
| Oral antidiabetic drugs | 1.44 (1.11 to 1.86) 0.007 | 1.05 (0.69 to 1.59) 0.823 |
| Inhaled respiratory drugs | 2.22 (1.69 to 2.92) <0.001 | 1.24 (0.84 to 1.81) 0.275 |
| Antineoplastic agents | 1.03 (0.51 to 2.08) 0.929 | 1.06 (0.51 to 2.20) 0.876 |
| Systemic corticosteroids | 0.83 (0.34 to 2.00) 0.677 | 0.57 (0.23 to 1.40) 0.218 |
| NSAIDs | 0.57 (0.32 to 1.00) 0.051 | 1.04 (0.58 to 1.87) 0.901 |
| Antihistamines | 0.44 (0.21 to 0.92) 0.029 | 0.47 (0.22 to 1.01) 0.052 |
| Proton-pump inhibitors | 2.04 (1.66 to 2.51) <0.001 | 0.93 (0.72 to 1.19) 0.557 |
| Benzodiazepines | 1.72 (1.36 to 2.16) <0.001 | 1.25 (0.98 to 1.60) 0.072 |
| Vaccination’s history | ||
| Influenza vaccine in prior autumn | 2.93 (2.40 to 3.59) <0.001 | 1.02 (0.79 to 1.32) 0.878 |
| Pneumococcal vaccination | 2.58 (2.11 to 3.16) <0.001 | 1.02 (0.78 to 1.33) 0.904 |
HRs denotes hazard ratios and were calculated for those who had the condition as compared with those who had not the condition. In adjusted analysis, the HRs were adjusted for age (continuous years), sex, residence, comorbidities/underlying conditions and chronic medications use. CIs denotes confidence intervals.
ACEIs, ACE inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.