Table 4.
Cox regression analyses assessing unadjusted and adjusted risks to suffer PCR-confirmed COVID-19 among community-dwelling individuals (n=77 676): Tarragona region (Southern Catalonia, Spain), March 1, 2020– May 23, 2020
| Characteristic | LC-COVID-19 cases (n=201) | |
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) p value |
Adjusted HR (95% CI) p value |
|
| Sociodemographic | ||
| Age (continuous years) | 1.03 (1.02 to 1.04) <0.001 | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.02) 0.573 |
| Sex: women | 0.95 (0.73 to 1.24) 0.708 | 0.97 (0.73 to 1.28) 0.807 |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Neurological disease | 2.04 (1.12 to 3.75) 0.021 | 1.06 (0.56 to 2.01) 0.857 |
| Renal disease | 2.32 (1.54 to 3.50) <0.001 | 1.22 (0.77 to 1.94) 0.398 |
| Cancer | 1.88 (1.29 to 2.73) 0.001 | 1.52 (1.03 to 2.24) 0.035 |
| Rheumatic disease | 0.41 (0.06 to 2.91) 0.371 | 0.41 (0.06 to 2.97) 0.375 |
| Respiratory disease | 2.72 (1.97 to 3.75) <0.001 | 1.82 (1.08 to 3.07) 0.025 |
| Cardiac disease | 2.24 (1.69 to 2.99) <0.001 | 1.53 (1.06 to 2.19) 0.021 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 2.79 (1.86 to 4.21) <0.001 | 1.06 (0.48 to 2.33) 0.882 |
| Liver disease | 1.49 (0.66 to 3.35) 0.336 | 1.24 (0.54 to 2.83) 0.608 |
| Diabetes | 1.47 (1.08 to 2.02) 0.016 | 1.26 (0.70 to 2.28) 0.441 |
| Hypertension | 1.33 (1.02 to 1.74) 0.034 | 1.06 (0.72 to 1.55) 0.785 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 0.96 (0.73 to 1.28) 0.798 | 0.88 (0.64 to 1.20) 0.405 |
| Obesity | 0.92 (0.68 to 1.25) 0.599 | 0.75 (0.54 to 1.03) 0.076 |
| Smoking | 0.49 (0.30 to 0.78) 0.003 | 0.49 (0.30 to 0.80) 0.004 |
| Chronic medications use | ||
| Diuretics | 2.62 (1.92 to 3.58) <0.001 | 1.54 (1.04 to 2.27) 0.031 |
| Beta blockers | 1.63 (1.16 to 2.30) 0.005 | 1.02 (0.69 to 1.52) 0.909 |
| ACEIs | 0.88 (0.63 to 1.24) 0.462 | 0.66 (0.44 to 0.99) 0.046 |
| ARBs | 1.20 (0.81 to 1.78) 0.356 | 0.75 (0.47 to 1.19) 0.222 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 1.58 (1.06 to 2.36) 0.026 | 1.21 (0.78 to 1.87) 0.395 |
| Statins | 1.05 (0.76 to 1.46) 0.747 | 0.72 (0.49 to 1.06) 0.094 |
| Oral anticoagulants | 2.77 (1.85 to 4.14) <0.001 | 1.58 (0.71 to 3.48) 0.261 |
| Antiplatelet drugs | 1.74 (1.23 to 2.45) 0.002 | 1.30 (0.84 to 2.02) 0.243 |
| Insulin | 2.58 (1.63 to 4.08) <0.001 | 1.79 (1.00 to 3.21) 0.059 |
| Oral antidiabetic drugs | 1.19 (0.82 to 1.71) 0.356 | 0.73 (0.40 to 1.32) 0.295 |
| Inhaled respiratory drugs | 2.78 (1.99 to 3.89) <0.001 | 1.41 (0.81 to 2.45) 0.225 |
| Antineoplastic agents | 0.44 (0.11 to 1.78) 0.250 | 0.36 (0.09 to 1.49) 0.159 |
| Systemic corticosteroids | 1.46 (0.60 to 3.55) 0.400 | 1.03 (0.41 to 2.58) 0.945 |
| NSAIDs | 0.99 (0.55 to 1.76) 0.959 | 1.17 (0.65 to 2.12) 0.600 |
| Antihistamines | 0.65 (0.29 to 1.46) 0.294 | 0.51 (0.23 to 1.16) 0.109 |
| Proton-pump inhibitors | 1.77 (1.34 to 2.34) <0.001 | 1.11 (0.79 to 1.57) 0.555 |
| Benzodiazepines | 1.48 (1.07 to 2.03) 0.017 | 1.26 (0.90 to 1.76) 0.186 |
| Vaccination’s history | ||
| Influenza vaccine in prior autumn | 1.21 (0.91 to 1.61) 0.182 | 0.63 (0.44 to 0.91) 0.012 |
| Pneumococcal vaccination | 1.73 (1.33 to 2.26) <0.001 | 1.29 (0.86 to 1.92) 0.214 |
HRs denotes hazard ratios and were calculated for those who had the condition as compared with those who did not have the condition. In multivariable-adjusted analysis, HRs were adjusted for age (continuous years), sex, residence, comorbidities/underlying conditions and chronic medications use. CIs denote confidence intervals.
ACEIs, ACE inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.