Table 5.
Univariate and multivariate analyses on laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases according to baseline demographic and clinical characteristics (comorbidities/medications) in subgroup analysis restricted to nursing-home residents (n=1407): Tarragona region (Southern Catalonia, Spain) from 1st. March 2020 to 23rd. May 2020
| Characteristic | Study population (N=1407) n (%) |
PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases (n=160) | |
| Univariate analysis n (%) p value |
Multivariate analysis HR (95% CI) p value |
||
| Sociodemographic | |||
| Age | |||
| 50–64 years | 151 (10.7) | 2 (1.3) <0.001 | 1.00 (reference) |
| 65–79 years | 300 (21.3) | 23 (14.4) | 6.66 (1.53 to 29.02) 0.012 |
| ≥80 years | 956 (67.9) | 135 (84.4) | 13.16 (3.09 to 56.00) <0.001 |
| Sex | |||
| Men | 481 (34.2) | 50 (31.3) 0.406 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Women | 926 (65.8) | 110 (68.8) | 0.85 (0.59 to 1.24) 0.402 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Neurological disease | 366 (26.0) | 55 (34.4) 0.010 | 1.25 (0.89 to 1.76) 0.193 |
| Renal disease | 236 (16.8) | 23 (14.4) 0.388 | 0.68 (0.43 to 1.08) 0.104 |
| Cancer | 167 (11.9) | 17 (10.6) 0.605 | 0.74 (0.43 to 1.26) 0.264 |
| Rheumatic disease | 12 (0.9) | 1 (0.6) 0.739 | 0.86 (0.12 to 6.43) 0.885 |
| Respiratory disease | 197 (14.0) | 16 (10.0) 0.121 | 0.72 (0.39 to 1.31) 0.280 |
| Cardiac disease | 510 (36.2) | 55 (34.4) 0.601 | 0.76 (0.52 to 1.09) 0.137 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 225 (16.0) | 29 (18.1) 0.434 | 1.25 (0.71 to 2.20) 0.436 |
| Liver disease | 27 (1.9) | 2 (1.3) 0.512 | 0.70 (0.17 to 2.88) 0.618 |
| Diabetes | 391 (27.8) | 52 (32.5) 0.158 | 1.08 (0.63 to 1.85) 0.786 |
| Hypertension | 949 (67.4) | 111 (69.4) 0.581 | 0.89 (0.60 to 1.33) 0.562 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 548 (38.9) | 59 (36.9) 0.568 | 0.90 (0.64 to 1.26) 0.525 |
| Obesity | 334 (23.7) | 39 (24.4) 0.841 | 1.10 (0.75 to 1.61) 0.617 |
| Smoking | 8 (5.0) | 110 (7.8) 0.158 | 1.47 (0.68 to 3.17) 0.323 |
| Chronic medications use | |||
| Diuretics | 453 (32.2) | 60 (37.5) 0.127 | 1.19 (0.83 to 1.70) 0.342 |
| Beta blockers | 259 (18.4) | 28 (17.5) 0.753 | 0.90 (0.57 to 1.41) 0.642 |
| ACEIs | 388 (27.6) | 51 (31.9) 0.196 | 1.01 (0.69 to 1.47) 0.981 |
| ARBs | 160 (11.4) | 10 (6.3) 0.030 | 0.45 (0.23 to 0.90) 0.023 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 174 (12.4) | 25 (15.6) 0.184 | 1.34 (0.85 to 2.12) 0.214 |
| Statins | 223 (15.8) | 22 (13.8) 0.440 | 0.99 (0.59 to 1.64) 0.964 |
| Oral anticoagulants | 171 (12.2) | 19 (11.9) 0.909 | 0.81 (0.41 to 1.59) 0.534 |
| Antiplatelet drugs | 344 (24.4) | 46 (28.7) 0.179 | 1.30 (0.85 to 1.98) 0.227 |
| Insulin | 138 (9.8) | 19 (11.9) 0.350 | 1.05 (0.59 to 1.86) 0.880 |
| Oral antidiabetic drugs | 233 (16.6) | 35 (21.9) 0.055 | 1.56 (0.88 to 2.77) 0.131 |
| Inhaled respiratory drugs | 198 (14.1) | 19 (11.9) 0.396 | 0.93 (0.53 to 1.64) 0.808 |
| Antineoplastic agents | 33 (2.3) | 6 (3.8) 0.212 | 3.27 (1.34 to 7.94) 0.009 |
| Systemic corticosteroids | 36 (2.6) | 0 (–) 0.029 | NA |
| NSAIDs | 16 (1.1) | 0 (–) 0.150 | NA |
| Antihistamines | 43 (3.1) | 1 (0.6) 0.058 | 0.21 (0.03 to 1.54) 0.125 |
| Proton-pump inhibitors | 616 (4.8) | 68 (42.5) 0.729 | 0.82 (0.57 to 1.18) 0.286 |
| Benzodiazepines | 392 (27.9) | 47 (29.4) 0.650 | 1.02 (0.72 to 1.46) 0.911 |
| Vaccination’s history | |||
| Influenza vaccine in prior autumn | 1036 (73.6) | 135 (84.4) 0.001 | 1.61 (0.98 to 2.59) 0.071 |
| Pneumococcal vaccination | 959 (68.2) | 113 0.6) 0.477 | 0.77 (0.53 to 1.10) 0.148 |
P values in univariate analysis were calculated by χ2 (or Fisher’s test as appropriate) comparing percentages in the study population versus COVID-19 cases; HR denotes multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (Cox regression) calculated for those who had the condition as compared with those who did not have the condition, being adjusted by age (continuous), sex, pre-existing comorbidities and medications use.
ACEIs, ACE inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.