Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| No | Author, year | Study area (years of the survey) | Study design | Age range (years) | Gender (male, %) | Participants | Molecular techniques for Plasmodium sp. | Target gene | Microscopy (include mixed infection) | PCR/Molecular techniques (include mixed infection) | No. of P. ovale as P. vivax | No. of P. vivax as P. ovale | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. malaria | No. of P. vivax | No. of P. ovale (n/N)* | No. malaria | No. of P. vivax | No. of P. ovale | |||||||||||
| 1 | Alemu et al., 2014 | Ethiopia (2013) | Cross sectional study | NS | NS | 297 patients with suspected malaria | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA | 183 | 51 | 0 | 217 | 68 | 9 | 4 | 0 |
| 2 | Calderaro et al., 2013 | Italy (2000–2012) | Retrospective cross-sectional study | NS | PCR positive, 82 (64%) | 398 patients with suspected malaria | Real-time PCR | 18S rRNA | 126 | 9 | 8 (7/8) | 128 | 7 | 14 | 1 | 0 |
| 3 | Chavatte et al., 2015 | Singapore (2001–2014) | Retrospective cross-sectional study | NS | NS | 1053 malaria positive | Real-time PCR | 18S rRNA | 1053 | NS | 0 | 1053 | NS | 11 | 11 | 0 |
| 4 | Cullen et al., (2014) | USA (2012) | Retrospective cross-sectional study | NS | NS | 104 malaria positive for genetic markers | NS | 18S rRNA | 104 | 9 | 7 (5/7) | 104 | 14 | 12 | 1 | 0 |
| 5 | Cullen et al., (2016) | USA (2013) | Retrospective cross-sectional study | NS | NS | 137 malaria positive for genetic markers | NS | 18S rRNA | 137 | 8 | 5 (2/5) | 137 | 15 | 14 | 1 | 1 |
| 6 | Díaz et al., 2015 | Ethiopia (2010–2011) | Cross sectional study | Mean 13.4 (1–80), median 10 | 1507 | 3060 patients with suspected malaria, for microscopy and 1209 for PCR | Semi-nested multiplex PCR | Cytochrome b | 736 | 436 | 0 | 788 | 398 | 24 | 2 | 0 |
| 7 | Frickmann et al., 2019 | Germany (2010–2019) | Retrospective cross-sectional study | 31.6 ± 14.8 | 56, 72.7% | 77 P. ovale positive cases | Real-time PCR | 18S rRNA and Po-ldh | 77 | 16 | 25 (25/25) | 77 | 0 | 77 | 3 | 0 |
| 8 | Grossman et al., 2016 | Israel (2009–2015) | Cross-sectional study | NS | NS | 357 patients with suspected malaria | Real-time PCR | 18S rRNA | 307 | 73 | 7 (2/7) | 288 | 104 | 23 | 3 | 4 |
| 9 | Gunasekera et al., 2018 | Sri Lanka (2014–2017) | Cross-sectional study | PCR positive 37 (1–66) | PCR positive 159, 91.9% | 350 patients with suspected malaria | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA | 164 | 77 | 9 (9/9) | 173 | 77 | 10 | 1 | 0 |
| 10 | Han et al., 2007 | Thailand | Retrospective cross-sectional study | NS | NS | 121 malaria positive and negative cases | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA | 68 | 34 | 5 (5/5) | 71 | 10 | 8 | 2 | 0 |
| 11 | Humar et al., 1997 | Canada (1993–1995) | Cross-sectional study | NS | NS | 182 patients with suspected malaria | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA | 159 | 87 | 11 (10/11) | 159 | 88 | 15 | 3 | 1 |
| 12 | Loomans et al., 2019 | Belgium (2013–2017) | Cross-sectional study | Median (36, 1–84) | 610, 64.4% | 947 malaria positive and negative cases | Real-time PCR | 18S rRNA | 927 | 77 | 46 (27/46) | 893 | 81 | 63 | 8 | 3 |
| 13 | Maltha et al., 2010 | Belgium (1996–2009) | Retrospective cross-sectional study | 35 (1–84) | 2.16:1 | 590 malaria positive and negative cases | NS | 18S rRNA | 495 | 79 | 73 (69/73) | 495 | 76 | 76 | 7 | 4 |
| 14 | Paglia et al., 2012 | Italy (1998–2003) | Cross-sectional study | Malaria positive 38 ± 12 | 2:1 | 1226 patients with suspected malaria | Semi-nested PCR | 18S rRNA | 187 | 17 | 4 (3/4) | 196 | 20 | 7 | 2 | 0 |
| 15 | Perandin et al., 2004 | Italy | Retrospective study | NS | NS | 122 patients with suspected malaria | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA | 61 | 12 | 3 (2/3) | 60 | 8 | 10 | 5 | 1 |
| 16 | Putaporntip et al., 2009 | Thailand (2006–2007) | Cross-sectional study | Median (23, 1–81) | 2.25:1 | 1874 patients with suspected malaria | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA | 1695 | 1013 | 0 | 1751 | 1192 | 18 | 1 | 0 |
| 17 | Reller et al., 2013 | USA (2004–2012) | Cohort study | NS | NS | 148 malaria positive | Multiplex quantitative real-time PCR | 18S rRNA | 146 | 38 | 17 (17/17) | 157 | 37 | 20 | 2 | 0 |
| 18 | Rougemont et al., 2004 | Switzerland (2002–2003) | Prospective study | NS | NS | 60 patients with suspected malaria | Real-time PCR | 18S rRNA | 31 | 4 | 3 (2/3) | 34 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| 19 | Whiley et al., 2004 | Australia | Prospective study | NS | NS | 279 patients with suspected malaria | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA | 219 | 131 | 6 (5/6) | 225 | 131 | 6 | 1 | 1 |
| 20 | Xu et al., 2016 | China (2012–2014) | Cross-sectional study | 20–54 (96.8%) | 92.5:1 | 374 patients with suspected malaria | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA | 374 | 40 | 14 (14/14) | 364 | 44 | 16 | 2 | 0 |
| 21 | Yusof et al., 2014 | Malaysia (2012–2013) | Retrospective study | NS | 77.9% | 457 malaria positive | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA | 457 | 137 | 1 (0/1) | 543 | 144 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| 22 | Zhou et al., 2014 | China (2008–2012) | Cross-sectional study | NS | NS | 562 patients with suspected malaria | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA | 373 | 275 | 0 | 384 | 288 | 14 | 4 | 0 |
NS not specified, *n/N number of P. ovale cases confirmed by PCR/number of P. ovale cases detected by microscopy.