TABLE 3:

Aquaporin regulation in different pulmonary conditions (Environmental exposures and Infections)

Experimental model	Lung AQP regulated	Related information	Source reference
Exposure model
Chronic hypoxia exposure as in Hypoxia pulmonary hypertension (HPH) mouse model	AQP1↑	AQP1 was upregulated in both endothelia and smooth muscle cells which showed dysfunction and proliferation, respectively. AQP1 deficiency protected from these effects in gene KO mice..	[73]
Lung phlegm-blocking rat model (SO2 inhalation + cold wind exposure)	AQP1↓AQP5↓	Reversal of the levels of these AQPs using natural products had expectorant effects	[74]
Deep hypothermia cardiac arrest -induced Ischemia/reperfusion lung injury in rat model	AQP5↓	cAMP-PKA signaling pathway implicated in AQP5 regulation	[75]
Acute cold exposure rat model (−25 °C)	AQP5↓	Body core temperature of the cold-exposed rats was 28.07 ± 4.15 °C versus the control rats at 37.33 ± 0.25 °C.	[76]
Hot-humid stress and acclimation	AQP5↓	Mucus hypersecretion in airways	[77]
Pulmonary silicosis rat model (silica dust exposure)	AQP1↓	Suggested role of AQP1 in silicosis development	[78]
Asbestos (fluoroadenite fiber)-exposed sheep lung model	AQP1↓	These amphibole asbestos-like fibers cause chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis in lung tissue	[79]
Radiation-induced lung toxicity (RILT) leading to pneumonia or fibrosis	AQP1↓AQP5↓	Suggested role of AQP1&5	[80]
Infection/sepsis model
PRRSV virus-infected lung porcine model	AQP1↓AQP5↓	Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) infection possibly impaired the lung edema resolution via downregulation of these AQPs	[[81]
Sepsis rat model	AQP5↓	Inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6) and phosphop38 increased. The effect was reversed using Tanshinol (this compound is the primary active component of a Chinese Medicine (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) traditionally used to treat cardiovascular problems)	[82]
LPS + Air drawing-induced sepsis rat model	AQP1↓	Hydrogen treatment improved the pulmonary epithelial barrier function and modulated AQP1 expression	[83]
LPS-induced sepsis rat model	AQP1↓AQP5↓	Hydrogen-rich saline attenuated the impaired lung function via upregulation of AQPs and inhibition of MAPKs (p38 and JNK)	[84]