TABLE 2.
Overview of reported subchondral bone cyst formation following the clinical use of articular cartilage repair procedures
| Joint | Defect type | Index procedure | Detection method | Follow‐up (months) | Number of patients/defects | Cyst incidence per defect | Cyst characteristics | Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | Diameter (mm) | Morphology | Location | ||||||||
| Knee | Chondral | Microfracture | MRI | 0.8 | 13 | 0.0% | 0 | n.a. | n.a. | Beneath the repair site | 58 |
| 6 | 13 | 15.4% | 2 | n.a. | n.a. | ||||||
| 12 | 13 | 38.5% | 5 | n.a. | n.a. | ||||||
| 24 | 8 | 37.5% | 3 | n.a. | n.a. | ||||||
| Knee | Chondral | 1st generation ACI | MRI | 155 | 31 | 38.8% | 14 | n.a. | n.a. | Under the lesion area | 59 |
| Knee | Chondral or osteochondral | 1st or 2nd generation ACI | MRI | 12 | 163 | 14.7% | 24 | Small or large; no quantification | n.a. | n.a. | 25 |
| Knee | Chondral; with previous failed MST | 2nd generation ACI | MRI |
8.4 (success); 14.4 (failure) |
30 (success); 8 (failure) |
6.6% (success); 37.5% (failure) |
2 (success); 3 (failure) | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 60 |
| Knee. | n.a. | 2nd generation ACI | Micro‐CT; histology | 26.8 (before revision TKA) | 10 | 20.0% | 2 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 61 |
| Knee | Osteochondral | Allograft OCT | MRI | 6 | 29 | 27.6% | 8 | n.a. | n.a. | Within graft or at host‐graft junction | 64 |
| Knee | Osteochondral | Allograft OCT with BMA | MRI | 6 | 29 | 20.7% | 6 | n.a. | n.a. | Within graft or at host‐graft junction | 64 |
| Knee | Chondral or osteochondral | Allograft OCT | MRI | 12 | 16 | 43.8% | 7 | n.a. | n.a. | Within graft or at host‐graft junction | 62 |
| Knee | Chondral or osteochondral | Allograft OCT | MRI | 12 | 15 | 46.7% | 7 | n.a. | n.a. | Within graft or at host‐graft junction | 62 |
| Knee | Osteochondral | Allograft OCT | MRI | 6 | 74 | 21.6% | 16 | n.a. | n.a. | Within graft or at host‐graft junction | 63 |
| Ankle | Osteochondral | Allograft OCT | MRI | 22.3 | 16 | 62.5% | 10 | 6.0 | n.a. | Graft (9); Inferior (2); Peripheral (8) | 65 |
| Ankle | Osteochondral | Autograft OCT | MRI | 26.3 | 25 | 40.0% | 10 | 3.8 | n.a. | Graft (1); Inferior (4); Peripheral (8) | 65 |
| Ankle | Osteochondral | Autograft OCT | MRI | 66.3 | 26 | 76.9% | 20 | 3.8 | n.a. | Graft (7); Inferior (5); Peripheral (14) | 66 |
| Ankle | Osteochondral | Autograft OCT with concentrated BMA | MRI | 60.8 | 28 | 46.4% | 13 | 4.9 | n.a. | Graft (4); Inferior (5); Peripheral (7) | 66 |
BMA, bone marrow aspirate; micro‐CT, micro‐computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; MST, marrow stimulation treatment; OCT, osteochondral transplantation; TKA, total knee arthroplasty; n.a., not available.