Table 1.
Characteristics of the patients in the development set and validation set
| Characteristics | Total set (N = 897) | Development set (n = 469) | Validation set (n = 428) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 66.0 (59.0–74.0) | 67.0 (60.0–74.0) | 66.0 (59.0–75.0) | 0.38 |
| Male | 561 (62.5) | 292 (62.3) | 269 (62.9) | 0.86 |
| Hypertension | 281 (31.3) | 143 (30.5) | 138 (32.2) | 0.57 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 207 (23.1) | 122 (26.0) | 85 (19.9) | 0.09 |
| Cancer type | 0.46 | |||
| Gastrointestinal | 137 (15.3) | 62 (13.2) | 75 (17.5) | |
| Hepatobiliary-pancreas | 286 (31.9) | 151 (32.2) | 135 (31.5) | |
| Lung | 151 (16.8) | 79 (16.8) | 72 (16.8) | |
| Gynecologic | 82 (9.1) | 49 (10.5) | 33 (7.7) | |
| Urologic | 78 (8.7) | 42 (9.0) | 36 (8.4) | |
| Others | 163 (18.2) | 86 (18.3) | 77 (18.0) | |
| Focus of infection | 0.21 | |||
| Pneumonia | 209 (23.3) | 106 (22.6) | 103 (24.1) | |
| Urinary tract infection | 116 (12.9) | 65 (13.9) | 51 (11.9) | |
| Colitis | 129 (14.4) | 59 (12.6) | 70 (16.4) | |
| Cholangitis/cholecystitis | 238 (26.5) | 130 (27.7) | 108 (25.2) | |
| Others/unknown | 129 (14.4) | 75 (16.0) | 54 (12.6) | |
| Multiple focus | 76 (8.5) | 34 (7.3) | 42 (9.8) | |
| Vital signs at ED admission | ||||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 90.0 (77.0–111.0) | 90.0 (79.0–112.0) | 89.0 (76.0–110.0) | 0.23 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 56.0 (48.0–66.0) | 57.0 (48.0–68.0) | 56.0 (48.0–64.5) | 0.17 |
| Heart rate/min | 116.0 (97.0–132.0) | 116.0 (97.0–131.0) | 115.0 (98.0–134.0) | 0.50 |
| Respiratory rate/min | 20.0 (18.0–22.0) | 20.0 (18.0–23.0) | 20.0 (18.0–22.0) | 0.25 |
| Body temperature, °C | 37.7 (36.8–38.7) | 37.8 (36.9–38.8) | 37.6 (36.7–38.5) | 0.005 |
| Altered mentation | 115 (12.8) | 71 (15.1) | 44 (10.3) | 0.03 |
| Laboratory values | ||||
| White blood cell, /μL | 8100 (3000–15,360) | 8000 (2870–15,300) | 8300 (3140–15,545) | 0.56 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 10.2 (8.6–11.6) | 10.2 (8.5–11.6) | 10.1 (8.8–11.8) | 0.19 |
| Platelet count, × 1000/μL | 143.0 (71.0–232.0) | 143.0 (68.0–228.0) | 142.5 (77.0–242.5) | 0.53 |
| PT, INR | 1.29 (1.15–1.47) | 1.28 (1.17–1.46) | 1.30 (1.15–1.48) | 0.96 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 2.8 (2.3–3.2) | 2.8 (2.4–3.3) | 2.7 (2.3–3.2) | 0.21 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 24.6 (17.4–38.3) | 24.3 (17.0–36.0) | 25.0 (18.0–41.0) | 0.17 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.25 (0.89–1.90) | 1.19 (0.87–1.85) | 1.32 (0.91–1.95) | 0.06 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 12.8 (6.1–22.1) | 12.3 (6.5–21.7) | 13.2 (5.6–23.6) | 0.55 |
| Lactic acid, mmol/L | 3.6 (2.0–5.5) | 3.4 (1.9–5.3) | 3.7 (2.2–5.8) | 0.03 |
| Severity score | ||||
| SOFA score | 8.0 (6.0–10.0) | 7.0 (5.0–10.0) | 8.0 (6.0–11.0) | 0.002 |
| APACHE II score | 20.0 (15.0–26.0) | 19.0 (14.0–25.0) | 21.0 (15.0–27.0) | 0.04 |
| Quick SOFA score | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 0.50 |
| NEWS | 7.0 (5.0–10.0) | 7.0 (5.0–10.0) | 7.0 (5.0–9.0) | 0.99 |
| MEWS | 5.0 (4.0–7.0) | 5.0 (4.0–7.0) | 5.0 (4.0–6.0) | 0.75 |
| ICU admission | 499 (55.6) | 246 (52.5) | 253 (59.1) | 0.05 |
| 28-day mortality | 237 (26.4) | 120 (25.6) | 117 (27.3) | 0.55 |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (percentage), as appropriate
Abbreviations: APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, BP blood pressure, BUN blood urea nitrogen, CRP C-reactive protein, ED emergency department, ICU intensive care unit, INR international normalized ratio, MEWS Modified Early Warning Score, NEWS National Early Warning Score, PT prothrombin time, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment