Table 2.
Characteristics of the survivors and non-survivors and the univariable Cox proportional hazards model for 28-day mortality in the development set
| Characteristics | Comparison | Univariable analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survivors (n = 349) | Non-survivors (n = 120) | HR | 95% CI | p value | |
| Age, years | 66.0 (60.0–74.0) | 69.0 (60.0–75.0) | 1.018 | 1.000–1.036 | 0.05 |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 210 (60.2) | 82 (68.3) | 1.000 | ||
| Female | 139 (39.8) | 38 (31.7) | 0.739 | 0.503–1.086 | 0.12 |
| Hypertension | |||||
| No | 250 (71.6) | 76 (63.3) | 1.000 | ||
| Yes | 99 (28.4) | 44 (36.7) | 1.382 | 0.954–2.004 | 0.09 |
| Diabetes mellitus | |||||
| No | 260 (74.5) | 87 (72.5) | 1.000 | ||
| Yes | 89 (25.4) | 33 (27.7) | 1.144 | 0.766–1.707 | 0.51 |
| Cancer type | |||||
| Lung | 40 (11.5) | 39 (32.5) | 1.000 | ||
| Hepatobiliary-pancreas | 122 (35.0) | 29 (24.2) | 0.329 | 0.203–0.533 | < 0.001 |
| Gastrointestinal | 50 (14.3) | 12 (10.0) | 0.325 | 0.170–0.622 | 0.001 |
| Gynecologic | 44 (12.6) | 5 (4.2) | 0.164 | 0.065–0.416 | < 0.001 |
| Urologic | 33 (9.5) | 9 (7.5) | 0.362 | 0.175–0.748 | 0.006 |
| Others | 60 (17.2) | 26 (21.7) | 0.548 | 0.334–0.901 | 0.02 |
| Focus of infection | |||||
| Pneumonia | 61 (17.5) | 45 (37.5) | 1.000 | ||
| Urinary tract infection | 53 (15.2) | 12 (10.0) | 0.390 | 0.206–0.738 | 0.004 |
| Colitis | 45 (12.9) | 14 (11.7) | 0.519 | 0.285–0.945 | 0.03 |
| Cholangitis/cholecystitis | 106 (30.4) | 24 (20.0) | 0.387 | 0.235–0.635 | < 0.001 |
| Others/unknown | 63 (18.1) | 12 (10.0) | 0.329 | 0.174–0.622 | 0.001 |
| Multiple focus | 21 (6.0) | 13 (10.8) | 0.878 | 0.474–1.627 | 0.68 |
| Vital signs at ED admission | |||||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 90.0 (79.0–110.0) | 90.0 (78.0–118.5) | 1.004 | 0.998–1.011 | 0.20 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 57.0 (48.0–66.0) | 56.0 (49.0–70.0) | 1.005 | 0.995–1.014 | 0.33 |
| Heart rate/min | 115 (97–131) | 117 (96–132) | 1.001 | 0.993–1.008 | 0.84 |
| Respiratory rate/min | 20 (18–22) | 22 (20–26) | 1.084 | 1.057–1.113 | < 0.001 |
| Body temperature, °C | 38.1 (37.1–39.0) | 37.3 (36.6–37.9) | 0.638 | 0.546–0.745 | < 0.001 |
| Altered mentation | 36 (50.7) | 35 (49.3) | 2.988 | 2.014–4.431 | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory values | |||||
| White blood cell, /μL | 7890 (2740–14,300) | 9815 (4365–17,570) | 1.000 | 1.000–1.000 | 0.04 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 10.2 (8.5–11.6) | 9.8 (8.4–11.5) | 0.994 | 0.915–1.080 | 0.88 |
| Platelet count, × 1000/μL | 144 (70–228) | 140 (66–224) | 1.000 | 0.998–1.001 | 0.69 |
| PT, INR | 1.25 (1.14–1.43) | 1.39 (1.25–1.61) | 1.229 | 1.075–1.405 | 0.003 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 2.9 (2.5–3.3) | 2.5 (2.2–3.0) | 0.451 | 0.334–0.610 | < 0.001 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 23 (16–33) | 30 (19–44) | 1.012 | 1.005–1.018 | 0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.16 (0.87–1.80) | 1.29 (0.84–2.19) | 1.104 | 0.987–1.233 | 0.08 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 12.0 (5.8–20.6) | 14.0 (7.6–25.4) | 1.011 | 0.997–1.026 | 0.13 |
| Lactic acid, mmol/L | 3.1 (1.8–4.9) | 4.6 (2.5–8.3) | 1.177 | 1.127–1.228 | < 0.001 |
| Severity scorea | |||||
| SOFA score | 7.0 (5.0–9.0) | 10.0 (7.0–13.0) | 1.246 | 1.190–1.305 | < 0.001 |
| APACHE II score | 18.0 (14.0–23.0) | 24.0 (18.0–32.0) | 1.088 | 1.069–1.108 | < 0.001 |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (percentage), as appropriate
Abbreviations: APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, BP blood pressure, BUN blood urea nitrogen, CI confidence interval, CRP C-reactive protein, ED emergency department, HR hazard ratio, INR international normalized ratio, PT prothrombin time, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment
aSeverity scores were not included in the multivariate analysis for the final model