Figure 2.

Applications of intestinal organoids. Intestinal organoids provide new opportunities for studying development of the gastrointestinal tract, host–microbe crosstalk and human diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, Hirschsprung’s disease, and colorectal cancer. With genome and transcriptome analysis, organoids reflect individual drug absorption and metabolism and can be used for drug screening, leading to the development of personalized treatment strategies. Gene recombinant technologies can also be exploited for studying specific genetic alterations and signaling pathways and making disease models. The study of organoid transplantation and maturation is also in progress, to use organoids in regenerative medicine.