Table 3.
Associations between birth patterns and delayed breastfeeding initiation
| Variables | Univariable |
Multivariable |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI)1 | p-value | |
| Birth pattern (birth order and interval y) | ||||
| Fourth or higher child, ≤2 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Fourth or higher child, >2 | 1.48 (0.87, 2.51) | 0.15 | 1.55 (0.91, 2.61) | 0.10 |
| Second or third child, ≤2 | 1.40 (0.78, 2.51) | 0.27 | 1.30 (0.72, 2.36) | 0.38 |
| Second or third child, >2 | 1.32 (0.79, 2.22) | 0.29 | 1.26 (0.75, 2.13) | 0.39 |
| First birth | 1.93 (1.15, 3.25) | 0.01 | 1.77 (1.02, 3.04) | 0.04 |
| Child-related factors | ||||
| Sex of child | ||||
| Male | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
| Female | 0.98 (0.87, 1.11) | 0.78 | - | |
| Size of child at birth | ||||
| Smaller | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Larger | 0.93 (0.80, 1.07) | 0.30 | 0.90 (0.71, 1.14) | 0.15 |
| Average | 1.36 (1.09, 1.69) | <0.01 | 1.30 (1.04, 1.63) | <0.05 |
| Parental factors | ||||
| Mother’s age (y) | ||||
| 15-19 | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
| 20-24 | 0.86 (0.60, 1.23) | 0.41 | - | |
| 25-29 | 0.80 (0.56, 1.14) | 0.23 | - | |
| 30-34 | 0.73 (0.51, 1.05) | 0.09 | - | |
| 35-39 | 0.75 (0.52, 1.08) | 0.12 | - | |
| 40-44 | 0.74 (0.48, 1.15) | 0.18 | - | |
| 45-49 | 1.07 (0.45, 2.57) | 0.88 | - | |
| Mother’s knowledge level | ||||
| Low | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
| Medium | 1.40 (0.91, 2.16) | 0.13 | - | |
| High | 1.39 (0.89, 2.18) | 0.14 | - | |
| Mother’s occupation | ||||
| Unskilled labor | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
| Not working | 1.05 (0.92, 1.21) | 0.45 | - | |
| Professional | 1.04 (0.82, 1.30) | 0.76 | - | |
| Husband/partner’s occupation | ||||
| Agricultural | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
| Non-agricultural | 0.99 (0.87, 1.13) | 0.89 | - | |
| Husband/partner’s educational attainment | ||||
| None/incomplete primary education | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
| Complete primary or some secondary | 0.85 (0.65, 1.10) | 0.21 | - | |
| Complete secondary or higher | 0.86 (0.66, 1.12) | 0.27 | - | |
| Age difference between mother and father (y) | ||||
| >7 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Mother is older than husband | 1.32 (1.07, 1.62) | <0.05 | 1.31 (1.06, 1.61) | <0.05 |
| 0-4 | 1.19 (0.99, 1.41) | 0.06 | 1.18 (0.98, 1.40) | 0.07 |
| 5-7 | 1.13 (0.92, 1.40) | 0.24 | 1.15 (0.93, 1.43) | 0.20 |
| Household factors | ||||
| Household wealth index | ||||
| Richest | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Poorest | 1.00 (0.81, 1.24) | 0.98 | 0.90 (0.71, 1.14) | 0.39 |
| Poorer | 1.04 (0.84, 1.30) | 0.69 | 0.97 (0.77, 1.22) | 0.79 |
| Middle | 1.03 (0.83, 1.28) | 0.78 | 1.00 (0.80, 1.24) | 0.97 |
| Richer | 1.24 (1.01, 1.52) | <0.05 | 1.23 (1.00, 1.51) | <0.05 |
| Household size (n) | ||||
| ≥4 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| <4 | 0.87 (0.69, 1.09) | 0.25 | 1.04 (0.81, 1.34) | 0.74 |
| No. of living children | ||||
| ≥3 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| 1-2 | 1.26 (1.09, 1.44) | <0.01 | 1.15 (0.96, 1.37) | 0.13 |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Rural | 1.11 (0.96, 1.28) | 0.17 | 1.16 (0.99, 1.35) | 0.07 |
| No. of antenatal care visits | ||||
| ≥4 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| <4 | 0.85 (0.68, 1.07) | 0.17 | 0.81 (0.64, 1.03) | 0.08 |
| Access to health factors | ||||
| Place of delivery | ||||
| Health facility | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
| Non-health facility | 0.96 (0.80, 1.14) | 0.62 | - | |
| Assistance during delivery | ||||
| Non-health professional | 1.00 (reference) | - | ||
| Health professional | 1.00 (0.77, 1.32) | 0.98 | - | |
| Control over woman’s healthcare | ||||
| Husband or others | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Joint decision | 1.07 (0.86, 1.33) | 0.57 | 1.08 (0.87, 1.35) | 0.49 |
| Mother | 0.93 (0.75, 1.17) | 0.54 | 0.95 (0.76, 1.20) | 0.69 |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; aOR, adjusted odds ratio.
1
Adjusted by size of child at birth, age difference between mother and father, household index, household size, number of living children, residence, number of antenatal care visits, control over women’s healthcare.