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. 2019 Oct 24;3(1):29–40. doi: 10.31662/jmaj.2019-0038

Table 2.

Stages According to Clinical Severity in SEA.

Stage Clinical manifestations
I Back pain, fever, tenderness
II Nerve root symptoms (radicular pain), nuchal rigidity/neck stiffness, decrease in tendon reflex
III Muscle weakness, sensory abnormalities (hypesthesia, paresthesia, dysesthesia), bowel and bladder dysfunction
IV Complete paralysis

Based on Heusner AP. Nontuberculous spinal epidural infections. N Engl J Med. 1948;239(23):845-54 (27) and Peterson JA, Paris P, Williams AC. Acute epidural abscess. Am J Emerg Med. 1987;5(4):287-90 (28).