. 2020 Dec 9;13:4885–4895. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S275080

Table 1.

Environmental Factors and Type 1 Diabetes¹²^,⁹³

Viruses and infections

Enteroviruses¹³

Cytomegalovirus¹⁴

Mumps¹⁵

Rubella¹⁵

Rotavirus¹⁶

Dietary factors

Breastfeeding²⁴

Cow’s milk⁷⁸^,⁹⁴

Vitamin D⁵¹

Nitrates, nitrites, and N-nitroso compounds²⁰^,²²

Gluten and fibre^95–97

Solid foods and cereals⁹⁸

Polyunsaturated fatty acids⁹⁹

Pollutants

Air pollution¹⁰⁰^,¹⁰¹

Toxins⁹³^,¹⁰²^,¹⁰³

Chemical compounds⁹³^,¹⁰²

Gut microbiome²⁸

Urban versus rural residence¹⁰⁴

Family density¹⁰⁵

Overload and accelerator hypotheses

Birthweight¹⁰⁴^,¹⁰⁶

Childhood growth¹⁰⁷

Perinatal and psychological stresses¹⁰⁸
Childhood obesity/overweight²⁵

Post-translational modification and neoautoantigens¹⁰⁹^,¹¹⁰