Table 4.
Patient symptoms and sings of HF, cardiac function, and cardiac events according to stratification using k-means clustering.
| Group 1 (n = 157) | Group 2 (n = 85) | Group 3 (n = 44) | Group 4 (n = 64) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symptoms and signs of HFpEF | |||||
| Dyspnea on exertion | 154 (98) | 84 (99) | 41 (93) | 58 (91) | 0.018 |
| Leg edema | 16 (10) | 34 (40)* | 32 (73)#$ | 62 (97)+!¶ | <0.001 |
| Neck vein dilatation | 6 (4) | 10 (12)* | 16 (36)#$ | 55 (86)+!¶ | <0.001 |
| Pleural effusion | 1 (1) | 7 (8)* | 3 (7) | 53 (83)+!¶ | <0.001 |
| Cardiac function | |||||
| Left heart function | |||||
| LAVI, ml/m2 | 35 (34–38) | 39 (34–45)* | 47 (39–58)#$ | 41 (35–51)+¶ | <0.001 |
| LVMI, g/m2 | 114 (97–136) | 122 (103–150) | 115 (101–142) | 118 (102–141) | 0.189 |
| RWT > 0.42 | 91 (58) | 55 (65) | 25 (57) | 34 (53) | 0.535 |
| LVEF, % | 67 (61–74) | 67 (61–72) | 67 (61–71) | 65 (58–73) | 0.501 |
| LVEDD, mm | 49 (45–52) | 46 (44–51)* | 47 (45–52) | 46 (43–50) | 0.051 |
| DT of mitral inflow, ms | 217 (188–247) | 223 (187–256) | 167 (137–182)#$ | 187 (161–217)+!¶ | <0.001 |
| DT ≤ 160 ms | 14 (9) | 5 (6) | 19 (43) #$ | 16 (25) +!¶ | <0.001 |
| Mean mitral e′, cm/s | 7.7 (6.1–8.5) | 7.3 (4.8–8.4) | 7.4 (6.4–8.4) | 7.9 (5.5–8.5) | 0.145 |
| Mean mitral E/e′ ratio | 9 (8–12) | 12 (9–16)* | 13 (11–16)# | 13 (10–16)+ | <0.001 |
| Mean mitral E/e′> 14 | 21 (13) | 27 (32)* | 20 (45)# | 23 (36)+ | <0.001 |
| Right heart function | |||||
| RVOT, mm | 26 (23–29) | 26 (23–28) | 28 (26–32)#$ | 26 (23–31)¶ | <0.001 |
| RV mid cavity diameter, mm | 28 (25–33) (n = 143) | 27 (24–30) (n = 74) | 31 (29–34)#$ (n = 37) | 32 (29–37)+! (n = 53) | <0.001 |
| RV basal diameter, mm | 34 (29–39) (n = 143) | 31 (29–34) (n = 74) | 36 (30–41)$ (n = 37) | 40 (32–43)+! (n = 53) | <0.001 |
| TAPSE, mm | 21 (19–24) | 20 (18–23)* | 17 (15–20)#$ | 17 (16–19)+! | <0.001 |
| TAPSE <17 mm | 7 (4) | 14 (16)* | 20 (45)#$ | 29 (45)+! | <0.001 |
| SPAP, mmHg | 26 (21–31) | 30 (25–38)* | 31 (26–39)# | 37 (29–42)+! | <0.001 |
| SPAP > 35 mmHg | 11 (7) | 28 (33)* | 15 (34)# | 38 (59)+!¶ | <0.001 |
| Less-distensible right ventricle | 18 (11) | 19 (22) | 41 (93)#$ | 57 (89)+! | <0.001 |
| Inferior vena cava, mm | 12 (10–15) | 13 (10–15) | 16 (13–20)#$ | 15 (13–20)+! | <0.001 |
| Collapse with sniff <50% | 1 (0) | 11 (13)* | 13 (30)#$ | 51 (80)+!¶ | <0.001 |
| Brain natriuretic peptide, pg/ml | 72 (44–113) | 207 (115–443)* | 173 (117–319)# | 288 (184–531)+!¶ | <0.001 |
| Cardiac events | 8 (5) | 20 (24)* | 7 (16)# | 45 (70)+!¶ | <0.001 |
Data are the number of patients (%), median (interquartile range), or mean ± SD. RV, right ventricular; RWT, relative wall thickness. Other abbreviations are the same as those in Table 1. *, comparison between groups 1 and 2, p < 0.05; #, comparison between groups 1 and 3, p < 0.05; +, comparison between groups 1 and 4, p < 0.05; $, comparison between groups 2 and 3, p < 0.05; !, comparison between groups 2 and 4, p < 0.05; ¶, comparison between groups 3 and 4, p < 0.05.