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. 2020 Nov 30;11:573915. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.573915

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Copyright © 2020 Liao, Du and Wang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cytosolic DNA sensing pathways. cGAS can sense various stress signals of cytosolic DNA and trigger a STING-dependent response. Upon activation, STING mainly recruits and activates three kinases: TBK1, IKK, and NIK. Besides, the cGAS-STING pathway can directly or indirectly activate IRF1, IRF5, IRF7, mTOR, STAT6, and MAPKs. TLR9 and AIM2 also recognize cytosolic DNA. The ligated TLR9 interacts with MyD88 to activate TRAF6 and MAPKs, whereas activated AIM2 associates with ASC and GSDMD to form an inflammasome complex.