Table 1.
Currently ongoing clinical trials based on immune checkpoint inhibitors*.
| Clinical Trial | Phase | Study population | Target | Experimental design |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
NCT02017717 (Check Mate-143) |
III | Recurrent GBM | PD-1 VEGF |
Nivolumab vs. bevacizumab (phase III), nivolumab vs. ipilimumab + nivolumab (phase I) |
|
NCT02617589 (Check Mate-498) |
III | Primary diagnosed GBM MGMT-unmethylated |
PD-1 | Nivolumab + radiotherapy VS. TMZ+ radiotherapy |
|
NCT02667587 (Check Mate-548) |
III | Primary diagnosed GBM MGMT-unmethylated |
PD-1 | Nivolumab + TMZ+ radiotherapy VS TMZ+ radiotherapy |
| NCT03726515 | I | Newly diagnosed GBM MGMT-unmethylated |
PD-1 | CAR-EGFRvIII-T cell + Pembrolizumab |
| NCT02550249 | III | Primary GBM Recurrent BGM |
PD-1 | Nivolumab group vs. Nivolumab + Ipilimumab group |
| NCT03707457 | I | Recurrent BGM | PD-1 IDO1 |
Nivolumab Anti-GITRantibody MK-4166 IDO1inhibitory INCB024360 Ipilimumab |
| NCT02852655 | II | Recurrent GBM | PD-1 | Neoadjuvant and postsurgical pembrolizumab vs. postsurgical pembrolizumab alone |
| NCT03743662 | II | Recurrent GBM MGMT-methylated |
PD-1 VEGF |
Nivolumab BEV |
| NCT02658981 | I | Recurrent GBM | PD-1 LAG-3 CD137 |
Nivolumab BMS986016(anti-LAG-3antibody) Urelumab(anti-CD137antibody) |
| NCT03233152 | I | Recurrent GBM | PD-1 CTLA-4 |
Nivolumab + Ipilimumab |
| NCT02287428 | I | Primary diagnosed GBM MGMT-unmethylated |
PD-1 | Pembrolizumab + Personalized neoantigen vaccine (NeoVax) vs. radiotherapy +NeoVax |
| NCT02335918 | II | Recurrent GBM | PD-1 CD27 |
Anti-CD27antibody Varlilumab + Nivolumab |
| NCT03493932 | I | Recurrent GBM | PD1 LAG-3 |
Nivolumab BMS986016 |
| NCT02968940 | II | Recurrent IDH mutant GBM | PD1 | Avelumab |
| NCT03422094 | I | Primary diagnosed GBM MGMT-unmethylated |
PD-1 CTLA-4 |
NeoVax Nivolumab Ipilimumab |
| NCT03491683 | I/II | Primary diagnosed GBM | PD-1 | IN0-5401+ IN0-9012 + Nivolumab + Cemiplimab + TMZ |
| NCT03718767 | II | Recurrent IDH mutant GBM | PD-1 | Nivolumab |
| NCT02798406 | II | Recurrent GBM | PD-1 | Oncolytic virus DNX-2401 Pembrolizumab |
| NCT03341806 | I | Recurrent GBM | PD-L1 | Avelumab |
| NCT03291314 | I | Recurrent GBM | PD-L1 VEGFR |
Avelumab + Axitinib |
| NCT02794883 | II | Recurrent GBM | PD-L1 CTLA-4 |
Durvalumab Anti-CTLA-4 antibody Tremelimumab |
| NCT02336165 | II | GBM | PD-L1 VEGF |
Durvalumab + radiotherapy (newly diagnosed GBM), durvalumab monotherapy (recurrent GBM), durvalumab + bevacizumab (recurrent GBM) |
| NCT03047473 | II | Primary diagnosed GBM | PD-L1 | Avelumab +TMZ |
| NCT02311920 | I | Primary diagnosed GBM | PD-1 CTLA-4 | Nivolumab Ipilimumab TMZ |
| NCT04003649 | I | Recurrent BGM | PD-1 CTLA-4 | CAR-T cell + Nivolumab + Ipilimumab vs. CAR-T cell + Nivolumab |
| NCT04047706 | I | Primarydiagnosed GBM | PD-1 IDO1 | IDO1inhibitory BMS986205+Nivolumab+ TMZ + radiotherapy vs. IDO1inhibitory BMS986205+ Nivolumab + radiotherapy |
GBM, glioblastoma; PD1, programmed cell death protein 1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; BEV, bevacizumab; TMZ, temozolomide; EGFRvⅢ, epidermal growth factor receptor variant Ⅲ; IDO1, indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase 1; GITR, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor; LAG-3, lymphocyte-activation gene 3; DC, dendritic cells; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4; PDL1, programmed cell death protein ligand 1; IDH, isocitrate debydrogenase; CAR, chimeric antigen receptor.
*All the data come from ClinicalTrials.gov.