TABLE 3.
Eggs incubation (days), larval duration (days), pre-pupal duration (days), pupal duration (days), total immature period (days), oviposition period (days), fecundity (eggs), and adult longevity (days) (mean ± SE)% of L2 instar H. armigera treated with endophytic B. bassiana (Bb: 1 × 105 conidia ml–1) alone and in combination with B. thuringiensis (Bt1: 0.20; Bt2: 0.30; Bt3: 0.40 μg ml–1).
| Developmental period | Bb | Bt1 | Bt2 | Bt3 | Bb + Bt1 | Bb + Bt2 | Bb + Bt3 | Control |
| Incubation of eggs (days) | 1.820 ± 19def | 1.700 ± 15ef | 1.960 ± 09cde | 2.270 ± 06abc | 2.120 ± 07bcd | 2.560 ± 08a | 2.420 ± 05ab | 1.610 ± 09f |
| Larval duration (days) | 18.210 ± 94de | 17.881 ± 03de | 19.000 ± 55cde | 20.770 ± 46bc | 19.440 ± 58cd | 23.440 ± 37a | 22.440 ± 53ab | 17.000 ± 62e |
| Pre-pupal duration (days) | 4.240 ± 27def | 4.110 ± 54ef | 4.380 ± 09cde | 4.530 ± 07cd | 4.670 ± 03bc | 5.120 ± 04a | 4.970 ± 06ab | 3.920 ± 09f |
| Pupal duration (days) | 12.641 ± 05def | 11.841 ± 02ef | 13.330 ± 37cde | 14.770 ± 27abc | 14.000 ± 23bcd | 15.770 ± 27a | 15.200 ± 22ab | 11.550 ± 37ef |
| Total immature period (days) | 36.851 ± 42de | 35.571 ± 55ef | 38.660 ± 33cd | 42.330 ± 57b | 40.220 ± 46bc | 47.000 ± 86a | 45.000 ± 57a | 34.110 ± 63f |
| Pre-oviposition period (days) | 3.050 ± 26cde | 3.040 ± 27de | 3.130 ± 07cde | 3.320 ± 07abc | 3.230 ± 05bcd | 3.540 ± 06a | 3.430 ± 05ab | 2.920 ± 06e |
| Oviposition period (days) | 12.461 ± 37ab | 11.881 ± 15ab | 11.000 ± 28bc | 9.110 ± 26de | 10.110 ± 26cd | 7.330 ± 23f | 8.220 ± 36ef | 13.000 ± 50a |
| Post-oviposition (days) | 0.920 ± 09bcd | 1.020 ± 11abc | 0.840 ± 03cde | 0.680 ± 04e | 0.770 ± 04de | 1.150 ± 02a | 1.030 ± 04ab | 1.100 ± 03ab |
| Fecundity-daily (eggs) | 51.352 ± 40b | 53.112 ± 45b | 48.250 ± 32c | 42.880 ± 51d | 46.330 ± 44c | 37.550 ± 37f | 40.110 ± 53e | 55.660 ± 40a |
| Fecundity-total (eggs) | 826.2648 ± 32b | 840.5652 ± 21b | 792.2143 ± 52c | 661.7848 ± 14e | 737.6750 ± 20d | 456.4441 ± 14g | 591.7845 ± 69f | 861.1152 ± 31a |
| Adult longevity (days) | ||||||||
| Male | 18.121 ± 12ab | 17.880 ± 30ab | 16.110 ± 35cd | 15.000 ± 33de | 16.660 ± 33bc | 13.220 ± 27f | 13.660 ± 33ef | 19.330 ± 52a |
| Female | 16.471 ± 24a | 15.770 ± 40ab | 14.880 ± 26bc | 13.220 ± 22de | 14.110 ± 26cd | 12.000 ± 28e | 12.770 ± 27de | 17.1110 ± 42a |
Means followed by the same letter within each column are not significantly different; HSD test P ≤ 0.05.