Table 1.
Variables | No. of Related Studies | SMD (95% CI) a | P |
---|---|---|---|
Ground-reaction force variables | |||
Peak impact force | 2 | −1.84 (–2.29, –1.38) | <0.001* |
Average impact force loading rate | 5 | −2.1 (–3.18, –1.01) | <0.001* |
Peak impact force loading rate | 4 | −1.77 (–2.21, –1.33) | <0.001* |
Peak VGRF | 5 | 0.84 (0.52, 1.15) | <0.001* |
Biomechanical joint variables | |||
Ankle angle at IC | 6 | −4.16 (–4.83, –3.49) | <0.001* |
Peak ankle dorsiflexion angle | 4 | −0.83 (–1.14, –0.52) | <0.001* |
Ankle excursion on sagittal plane | 4 | 1.41 (0.29, 2.54) | 0.01* |
Knee flexion angle at IC | 5 | 0.23 (–0.79, 1.25) | 0.66 |
Peak knee flexion angle | 5 | −0.24 (–0.52, 0.03) | 0.09 |
Knee flexion excursion | 7 | −0.78 (–1.09, –0.47) | <0.001* |
Hip flexion angle at IC | 3 | 0 (–0.35, 0.35) | 0.99 |
Peak hip flexion angle | 3 | −0.15 (–0.48, 0.17) | 0.35 |
Peak hip adduction angle | 4 | −0.19 (–0.45, 0.07) | 0.14 |
Hip flexion excursion | 2 | −0.55 (–1.09, –0.02) | 0.04* |
Peak ankle plantarflexion moment | 6 | 1.31 (0.66, 1.96) | <0.001* |
Peak ankle eccentric power | 3 | 1.63 (1.18, 2.08) | <0.001* |
Peak ankle negative work | 2 | 2.60 (1.02, 4.18) | 0.001* |
Peak ankle axial contact force | 3 | 1.26 (0.93, 1.6) | <0.001* |
Peak ankle stiffness | 2 | −1.69 (–2.46, –0.92) | <0.001* |
Peak knee extension moment | 5 | −0.64 (–0.98, –0.3) | <0.001* |
Peak knee eccentric power | 3 | −2.03 (–2.51, –1.54) | <0.001* |
Peak knee negative work | 2 | −1.56 (–2.11, –1.0) | <0.001* |
Peak PFJS | 4 | −0.71 (–1.28, –0.14) | 0.01* |
Integral PFJS | 2 | −0.63 (–1.11, –0.15) | 0.01* |
Peak knee axial contact force | 2 | 0.35 (–0.03, 0.72) | 0.07 |
Peak knee stiffness | 2 | 1.45 (–0.51, 3.4) | 0.15 |
Peak hip extension moment | 3 | 0.19 (–0.18, 0.57) | 0.31 |
Peak hip eccentric power | 2 | −0.8 (–1.66, 0.06) | 0.07 |
Peak hip axial contact force | 2 | 0.1 (–0.24, 0.43) | 0.58 |
IC, initial contact; PFJS, patellofemoral joint stress; VGRF, vertical ground-reaction force.
In the SMD column, positive values indicate that forefoot strike (FFS) is larger than rearfoot strike (RFS), and negative values indicate that RFS is larger than FFS.
Statistical significance between FFS and RFS.