Table 1.
Univariate analysis of predictors of ICU admission in the study population
| Variables | No ICU admission N = 92 (%) |
ICU admission N = 24 (%) |
p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | |||
| Age, mean ± SD | 71.2 ± 14.2 | 65.7 ± 14.7 | 0.97 |
| Male sex | 59 (64.1) | 17 (70.8) | 0.634 |
| CAP | 67 (72.8) | 17 (70.8) | 0.804 |
| HAP | 5 (5.4) | 3 (12.5) | 0.359 |
| Charlson comorbidity index, mean ± SD | 3.3 ± 2.1 | 3.1 ± 1.9 | 0.78 |
| Chronic heart disease | 12 (13) | 3 (12.5) | 1.0 |
| Chronic liver disease | 3 (3.3) | 3 (12.5) | 0.102 |
| Diabetes | 12 (13) | 10 (41.7) | 0.003 |
| Neoplasm | 17 (18.5) | 3 (12.5) | 0.762 |
| Chronic renal failure | 9 (9.8) | 4 (16.7) | 0.465 |
| Hemodialysis | 0 | 2 (8.3) | 0.041 |
| COPD | 15 (16.3) | 6 (25) | 0.374 |
| Immunocompromised status | 22 (23.9) | 6 (25) | 1.0 |
| Clinical features and disease severity | |||
| Delirium at pneumonia onset | 36 (39.1) | 12 (50) | 0.36 |
| Respiratory rate ≥ 30 breaths/min | 5 (5.4) | 8 (33.3) | 0.001 |
| Heart rate ≥ 125 beats/min | 13 (14.1) | 11 (45.8) | 0.002 |
| Hypotension (MAP < 65 mmHg) | 8 (8.7) | 6 (25) | 0.04 |
| Fever (body temperature > 37.5 °C) | 79 (85.8) | 20 (83.3) | 0.741 |
| PSI class, mean ± SD | 3.6 ± 1 | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 0.025 |
| CURB-65, mean ± SD | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.8 ± 1 | 0.027 |
| Septic shock | 1 (1.1) | 9 (37.5) | < 0.001 |
| Radiological and laboratory findings | |||
| Pleural effusion | 33 (35.9) | 16 (66.7) | 0.01 |
| Bilateral pneumonia | 23 (25) | 16 (66.7) | < 0.001 |
| Serum sodium < 130 mmol/L | 12 (13) | 7 (29.2) | 0.038 |
| Leukocytosis (leukocytes ≥ 10.000/µL) | 54 (58.7) | 14 (58.3) | 1.0 |
| Leukopenia (leukocytes < 4.000/µL) | 7 (7.6) | 2 (8.3) | 1.0 |
| Hyperglycemia at pneumonia onset (> 11 mmol/L) | 4 (4.3) | 5 (20.8) | 0.015 |
| Lactate > 2 mmol/L | 13 (14.1) | 16 (66.7) | < 0.001 |
| Platelets < 100.000 mm3 | 9 (9.7) | 3 (12.5) | 0.712 |
| LDH (U/L), mean ± SD | 265.8 ± 131.2 | 465 ± 247 | < 0.001 |
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio < 250 | 27 (29.3) | 14 (58.3) | 0.03 |
| Antimicrobial therapy | |||
| Levofloxacin therapy | 70 (76.1%) | 15 (62.5%) | 0.180 |
| Macrolide therapy | 17 (18.5%) | 5 (20.8%) | 0.793 |
| Macrolide + levofloxacin therapy | 5 (5.4%) | 2 (8.3%) | 0.595 |
| Macrolide/levofloxacin therapy within 24 h from admission | 74 (80.4%) | 13 (54.2%) | 0.008 |
| Outcomes | |||
| Mechanical invasive or non-invasive ventilation | 12 (13) | 21 (87.5) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular events | 12 (13) | 12 (50) | < 0.001 |
| Median length of hospitalization, mean days ± SD | 8.3 ± 3.7 | 26.1 ± 19.2 | < 0.001 |
| 30-day mortality | 4 (4.3) | 10 (41.7) | < 0.001 |
ICU intensive care unit, SD standard deviation, CAP community-acquired pneumonia, HCAP healthcare-associated pneumonia, HAP hospital-acquired pneumonia, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, LDH lactic acid dehydrogenase, PSI pneumonia severity index, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome
Bold values indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05)