Table 1.
Donor characteristics
|
Controls (n = 16) |
COVID‐19 moderate (n = 11) |
COVID‐19 severe (n = 12) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Risk factors | |||
| Age, median (range) | 54 (34–69) | 56 (18–67) | 59.5 (40–74) |
| Gender, male, n (%) | 10 (62.5) | 7 (63.6) | 10 (83.3) |
| BMI a , median (range) | n/a | 27 (23–35.06) | 29.5 (23–55) |
| Smoker (Yes/No/Prior/Unclear, %) | n/a | 10/36/27/27 | 8.3/58.3/25/8.3 |
| Pre‐existing pathologies | |||
| Asthma, n (%) | n/a | 1 (9) | 2 (16.6) |
| Diabetes Type 2, n (%) | n/a | 1 (9) | 1 (8.3) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | n/a | 2 (18) | 4 (33.3) |
| Coronary heart disease, n (%) | n/a | 1 (9) | 0 (0) |
| Viraemia at time of sampling, n (%) | n/a | 2 (18) | 7 (58.3) |
| Symptoms on admission | |||
| Fever, n (%) | n/a | 11 (100) | 12 (100) |
| Cough, n (%) | n/a | 10 (91) | 11 (91.6) |
| Dyspnoea, n (%) | n/a | 11 (100) | 12 (100) |
| Body ache, n (%) | n/a | 6 (54.5) | 6 (50) |
| Gastrointestinal, n (%) | n/a | 2 (18) | 2 (16.6) |
| Days from symptom debut to admission, median (range) | n/a | 7 (4–14) | 9 (3–14) |
| Days from symptom debut to sampling, median (range) | n/a | 14 (6–19) | 14 (5–24) |
| Peak oxygen need | |||
| None, n (%) | n/a | 2 (18) | 0 (0) |
| Low flow < 10 L min−1, n (%) | n/a | 5 (45.4) | 0 (0) |
| Low flow 10–15 L min−1, n (%) | n/a | 4 (36.4) | 0 (0) |
| Ventilator, n (%) | n/a | 0 (0) | 12 (100) b |
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio, median mmHg (range) | n/a | 323 (112–523) | 136 (52–192) |
| Duration of oxygen treatment in days, median (range) | n/a | 7 (0–13) | 22 (7–33), 1 still ongoing |
| Treatments prior to sampling | |||
| Anti‐coagulant, (Low‐molecular‐weight heparin), n (%) | n/a | 11 (100) | 11 (91.6), 1 unclear |
| Corticosteroids, n (%) | n/a | 4 (36.4) | 8 (66.6) |
| Antibiotics, n (%) | n/a | 5 (45.4), all Cefotaxim | 7 (58.3) Cefotaxim, 1 (8.3) all the above |
| Antiviral/Cytokine inhibitors, n (%) | n/a | 0 (0) | 2 (16.6): Remdesivir, Tocilizumab |
| Laboratory testing | |||
| PCR positivity in nasopharynx/sputum, n (%) | n/a | 11 (100), n = 1 sputum | 12 (100), all nasopharynx |
| PCR positivity in serum, n (%) | n/a | 2 (18) | 7 (58.3) |
| Antibody reactivity, n (%) | 0 (0) | 7 (63.3) reactive, 1 (9) gray zone | 11 (91.6) reactive, 1 (8.3) gray zone |
| Neutralizing antibody titres, median (range) | 0 (0) | 960 (0–2560) | 1440 (60–5120) |
| Clinical course | |||
| Days in ICU from admission until discharge, median (range) | n/a | For 3/11 patients: 7 (5–8) | For 11/12: 18 (7–27), 1 ongoing |
| Days of intubation, median (range) | n/a | 0 (0), n = 3 n/a | 18 (1–28), 1 ongoing |
| Days hospitalized, median (range) | n/a | 11 (6–14) | 22 (16–58), 1 ongoing |
| Radiological bilateral infiltrations, n (%) | n/a | 6 (54.5), n = 5 n/a | 12 (100) |
| Positive culture findings in blood ± 5 days from sampling, n (%) | n/a | 0 (0) | 4 (33.3) |
| Positive culture findings in lower respiratory tract ± 5 days from sampling, n (%) | n/a | 0 (0) | 7 (58.3) |
| Pulmonary embolism, n (%) | n/a | 0 (0) | 2 (16.6) |
| Outcome | |||
| Discharged, n (%) | n/a | 11 (100) | 8 (66.6) |
| Deceased, n (%) | n/a | 0 (0) | 4 (33.3) |
a
BMI: body mass index (18.5–24.9 normal; 25–29.9 overweight; > 30 obesity).
b
n = 1 patient in ECMO, n/a: not available.