Appendix Table 1.
Mixed model regression results identifying associations between individual, census block group, and county-level characteristics with opioid-related mortality. a, b
| Census Block Group and County Characteristics | OR | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Psychosocial Factors | |||
| Percent Single Female-Headed Household | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.01 |
| Percent Owner Occupied | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Percent White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 |
| Theil Index | 0.49 | 0.19 | 1.28 |
| Number of Robberies per 100,000 ‡ | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.01 |
| Number of Social Associations per 10,000 ‡ | 0.86 | 0.76 | 0.97 |
| Economic Factors | |||
| Percent Living in Poverty | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.01 |
| Percent of Cost Burdened Renters | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Unemployment Rate ‡ | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.01 |
| Percent SNAP ‡ | 1.00 | 0.92 | 1.07 |
| Food Insecurity Rate ‡ | 1.19 | 1.04 | 1.36 |
| Built Environment Factors | |||
| Percent Moved between 2000 to 2009 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 |
| Percent of Workers Taking Public Transit | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 |
| Percent Vacant Housing Units | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Limited Access to Supermarkets | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Health Related Factors | |||
| Percent Working in Construction Occupations | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.01 |
| Percent of Heavy Drinkers ‡ | 1.03 | 0.91 | 1.18 |
| Number of FQHC’s ‡ | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.05 |
| Number Hospital Beds per 10,000 ‡ | 0.78 | 0.68 | 0.90 |
| Number of ER Visits per 10,000 ‡ | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Number HIV cases per 100,000 ‡ | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Per Capita MME Oxycodone ‡ | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Per Capita MME Hydromorphone ‡ | 1.05 | 1.01 | 1.09 |
| Per Capita MME Morphine ‡ | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 |
| Per Capita MME Fentanyl ‡ | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 |
| Individual-Level Factors | |||
| Age (35–44 Referent) | |||
| 0–14 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.05 |
| 18–24 | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.62 |
| 25–34 | 1.11 | 0.94 | 1.31 |
| 45–54 | 0.65 | 0.56 | 0.77 |
| 55–64 | 0.40 | 0.33 | 0.48 |
| 65+ | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
| Female (Male Referent) | 1.20 | 1.06 | 1.36 |
| Race (Non-Latino White Referent) | |||
| Asian | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.29 |
| Non-Latino Black | 0.23 | 0.17 | 0.31 |
| Latino | 0.58 | 0.44 | 0.77 |
| Other Race/Ethnicity | 0.30 | 0.18 | 0.51 |
| Married (Unmarried Referent) | 0.69 | 0.60 | 0.80 |
| Education (<High School Referent) | |||
| High School Graduate | 1.01 | 0.85 | 1.20 |
| More than High School, Less than College Graduate | 0.78 | 0.63 | 0.96 |
| College Graduate or More | 0.46 | 0.36 | 0.58 |
| Veteran | 1.05 | 0.80 | 1.39 |
| Foreign-born | 0.65 | 0.52 | 0.81 |
| Year of Death (2011 as referent) | |||
| 2012 | 1.29 | 1.07 | 1.57 |
| 2013 | 1.49 | 1.20 | 1.86 |
| 2014 | 1.99 | 1.59 | 2.49 |
***
p<0.001;
**
p<0.01;
*
p<0.05
OR: Odds ratio, CI: Confidence interval
a.
Opioid-related mortality: Primary cause of death had an ICD-10 code related to opioid use disorder (ICD-10 T40.0, T40.1, T40.2, T40.3, T40.4, or T40.6)
b.
Variables included simultaneously adjusting for each other
‡
County-level