Table 1.

Eligibility criteria

Inclusion Criteria	Exclusion Criteria
Veterans aged ≥18 y	Any condition prohibiting or contraindicating chiropractic care such as metastatic disease or active inflammatory spondyloarthropathy in the lumbar spine
Self-reported cLBP: persisted 3+ mo with pain on at least half the days in the past 6 mo	Inability to complete outcomes and/or provide informed consent
PEG item LBP intensity score ≥2 at baseline	Established plans to move within 3 mo
RMDQ score ≥4 at baseline	Under active chiropractic care
Able to comprehend study details without need for a proxy	No phone or e-mail address
ICD-10 diagnosis confirming neuromusculoskeletal LBP	Participating in another research study investigating treatment(s) for pain
Willing and able to attend up to 1 y of outpatient chiropractic visits	Current or planned hospice care
	Current or planned pregnancy

cLBP = chronic low back pain; LBP = low back pain; PEG = Pain, Enjoyment of life, and General activity; RMDQ = Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire.