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The etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. A variety of risk factors have been associated with the development of HCC, including hepatitis viruses, carcinogens, heredity diseases, metabolic syndrome, and fatty liver disease. The mechanisms by which these etiological factors may induce hepatocarcinogenesis mainly include p53 inactivation, inflammation, oxidative stress, and telomere shortening leading to genomic instability and activation of multiple oncogenic signaling pathways.
