Table 2.
Coefficients of the predictive model for changes in stress
| n | Single predictor variables | Full model | P value | ||||||||
| B | SE | 95.0% CI | P value | B | SE | 95.0% CI | |||||
| LL | UL | LL | UL | ||||||||
| Time since outbreak start (per 7-day increase) | 5359 | −0.55 | 0.01 | −0.09 | −0.07 | <0.001 | −0.18 | 0.01 | −0.04 | −0.01 | 0.002 |
| General demographics | |||||||||||
| Age (per 10-year increase) | 5357 | −0.96 | 0.01 | −0.11 | −0.09 | <0.001 | −0.52 | 0.01 | −0.07 | −0.04 | <0.001 |
| Male sex (vs female) | 5358 | −2.02 | 0.19 | −2.38 | −1.65 | <0.001 | −0.97 | 0.19 | −1.35 | −0.60 | <0.001 |
| Political views (vs centre or others) | |||||||||||
| Left wing | 4657 | 0.85 | 0.20 | 0.47 | 1.24 | <0.001 | 0.37 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.72 | 0.042 |
| Right wing | 4657 | 0.21 | 0.28 | −0.34 | 0.75 | 0.457 | 0.31 | 0.24 | −0.17 | 0.79 | 0.206 |
| Education: no university (vs university) | 5327 | −0.20 | 0.18 | −0.55 | 0.16 | 0.277 | −0.22 | 0.19 | −0.59 | 0.14 | 0.230 |
| Socioeconomic, occupational and living situation | |||||||||||
| Total family income (vs >$C100k) | |||||||||||
| < $C40k per year | 5009 | 0.72 | 0.31 | 0.12 | 1.33 | 0.019 | 0.30 | 0.18 | −0.05 | 0.65 | 0.094 |
| $C40 to $C100k per year | 5009 | 0.39 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.75 | 0.039 | 0.35 | 0.31 | −0.25 | 0.95 | 0.256 |
| Employment status (vs employed): | |||||||||||
| Unemployed, on leave or student | 5359 | 0.38 | 0.26 | −0.13 | 0.88 | 0.144 | 0.07 | 0.26 | −0.45 | 0.59 | 0.787 |
| Retired | 5359 | −2.37 | 0.19 | −2.75 | −2.00 | <0.001 | −0.15 | 0.25 | −0.64 | 0.34 | 0.544 |
| Work contact with general public (vs not) | 5189 | 1.76 | 0.26 | 1.26 | 2.26 | <0.001 | 0.58 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 1.07 | 0.022 |
| Living in apartment or condo (vs house) | 4858 | 0.36 | 0.21 | −0.05 | 0.77 | 0.089 | −0.10 | 0.21 | −0.50 | 0.31 | 0.631 |
| Health and risks factors | |||||||||||
| C19 Symptoms index (scale from 0 to 30) | 5359 | 0.23 | 0.02 | 0.19 | 0.28 | <0.001 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.19 | <0.001 |
| Physical condition at risk* (vs no condition at risk) | 5342 | −0.76 | 0.17 | −1.09 | −0.42 | <0.001 | 0.15 | 0.18 | −0.21 | 0.50 | 0.415 |
| Sleep duration (per hour increase) | 4804 | −0.59 | 0.06 | −0.1 | −0.48 | <0.001 | −0.53 | 0.05 | −0.64 | −0.42 | <0.001 |
| Travelled abroad in last 60 days (vs no travel) | 4960 | −0.45 | 0.21 | −0.86 | −0.04 | 0.033 | −0.19 | 0.26 | −0.70 | 0.33 | 0.472 |
| Psychological domain | |||||||||||
| Preoutbreak PSS (0–40 scale) | 4920 | – | – | – | – | – | −0.44 | 0.02 | −0.47 | −0.41 | <0.001 |
| DOCS—contamination (0–20 scale) | 4717 | 0.47 | 0.02 | 0.43 | 0.52 | <0.001 | 0.38 | 0.02 | 0.34 | 0.42 | <0.001 |
| Big 5 Personality (2–10 scale) | |||||||||||
| Extraversion | 4680 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.23 | <0.001 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.21 | 0.001 |
| Agreeableness | 4681 | 0.00 | 0.05 | −0.10 | 0.11 | 0.933 | 0.05 | 0.05 | −0.05 | 0.14 | 0.319 |
| Conscientiousness | 4681 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.26 | 0.002 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.23 | 0.007 |
| Neuroticism | 4681 | 0.25 | 0.04 | 0.17 | 0.33 | <0.001 | 0.35 | 0.05 | 0.25 | 0.44 | <0.001 |
| Openness to Experiences | 4681 | −0.01 | 0.05 | −0.11 | 0.08 | 0.778 | 0.07 | 0.04 | −0.02 | 0.16 | 0.116 |
| Brief Resilient Coping Scale (4–20 scale) | 1663 | −0.17 | 0.03 | −0.23 | −0.11 | <0.001 | −0.24 | 0.03 | −0.30 | −0.17 | <0.001 |
| Mental disorder diagnosis (vs no diagnosis) | 5326 | 2.34 | 0.20 | 1.95 | 2.74 | <0.001 | 1.14 | 0.20 | 0.74 | 1.54 | <0.001 |
| Social domain | |||||||||||
| Family relationship (per 10 units; 0–100 scale) | 5028 | −0.55 | 0.00 | −0.06 | −0.05 | <0.001 | −0.39 | 0.00 | −0.05 | −0.03 | <0.001 |
| Has underage children (vs no underage children) | 5092 | 2.16 | 0.24 | 1.69 | 2.63 | <0.001 | 0.89 | 0.23 | 0.43 | 1.34 | <0.001 |
| Behavioural domain | |||||||||||
| Weekly alcohol consumption (vs no drinks) | |||||||||||
| One to five drinks | 5358 | −0.18 | 0.21 | −0.58 | 0.23 | 0.394 | 0.19 | 0.20 | −0.20 | 0.57 | 0.344 |
| More than five drinks | 5358 | 0.15 | 0.21 | −0.27 | 0.56 | 0.490 | 0.61 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 1.01 | 0.003 |
| Weekly cannabis or illicit drugs use (vs no use) | 5312 | 1.13 | 0.26 | 0.63 | 1.63 | <0.001 | 0.45 | 0.25 | −0.03 | 0.93 | 0.066 |
| Spent 30 min or less (vs more than 30 min): | |||||||||||
| Outdoor | 5317 | 0.91 | 0.18 | 0.56 | 1.25 | <0.001 | 0.07 | 0.19 | −0.32 | 0.45 | 0.736 |
| Exercising | 5295 | 1.03 | 0.17 | 0.70 | 1.37 | <0.001 | 0.49 | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.87 | 0.010 |
| Following COVID-19 news | 5296 | −0.25 | 0.17 | −0.59 | 0.08 | 0.141 | −0.24 | 0.17 | −0.57 | 0.09 | 0.155 |
| Social interactions in person | 5201 | 0.14 | 0.17 | −0.20 | 0.48 | 0.406 | 0.21 | 0.16 | −0.11 | 0.53 | 0.205 |
| Social interactions virtually | 5277 | −0.46 | 0.18 | −0.80 | −0.11 | 0.009 | 0.01 | 0.17 | −0.33 | 0.34 | 0.969 |
| Doing an artistic activity | 5210 | 0.16 | 0.20 | −0.23 | 0.56 | 0.421 | 0.50 | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.88 | 0.010 |
Coefficient parameters for multiple linear regression models including only each single predictors and baseline stress (left panel) and for the full model (right panel). B: Unstandardised coefficients (calculated per one unit for continuous variables, except for the time elapsed since the start of the outbreak, which was calculated for each 7 days, as well as age and family relationships which were calculated per 10 units). Units (for continuous variables) and reference groups (for categorical variables) are presented in parenthesis in the first column. Family relationship rated on scale from ‘0—very difficult/conflictual’, ‘50—neutral’ to ‘100—excellent’.
*Physical condition at risk for COVID-19: for example, respiratory, cardiovascular or autoimmune conditions.
DOCS, Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale; LL, lower limit; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; SE, standard error of B; UL, upper limit.