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. 2020 Nov 30;10:570516. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.570516

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Copyright © 2020 Zhang, Hang, Jiang, Yi, Shao, Li and Lin

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Averaged 1D ¹H NOESY spectra of aqueous metabolites derived from the metformin-treated and control groups of both CCA cells. Spectral regions of 1.0–4.6 and 5.2–9.0 ppm were reserved, and the water region (4.6–5.2 ppm) was removed. Spectral regions of 5.2–9.0 ppm were scaled for 5 times. Met-Mz and Met-939 represent the groups of metformin-treated Mz-ChA-1 cells and QBC939 cells with metformin treatment, respectively. Ctrl-Mz and Ctrl-939 stand for the groups of Mz-ChA-1 cells and QBC939 cells without metformin treatment, respectively.