Table 3 –
Adjusted odds ratio estimates of CRN, spending less on other basic needs to afford medicine, and cost reduction strategies
| Any cost-related nonadherence | Spent less on other basic needs | Any cost reduction strategy | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Under 65 y | 65 y and over | Under 65 y | 65 y and over | Under 65 y | 65 y and over | |||||||
| Characteristic | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||||||
| Age, y | ||||||||||||
| ≤54 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| 55–64 | 0.73 | (0.57–0.93) | 0.91 | (0.67–1.24) | 1.07 | (0.83–1.38) | ||||||
| 65–74 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| 75–84 | 0.57 | (0.49–0.67) | 0.60 | (0.48–0.76) | 0.76 | (0.68–0.84) | ||||||
| ≥85 | 0.33 | (0.26–0.41) | 0.24 | (0.17–0.34) | 0.49 | (0.43–0.56) | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Female | 1.66 | (1.31–2.10) | 1.21 | (1.04–1.41) | 1.56 | (1.10–2.23) | 1.30 | (1.02–1.64) | 1.42 | (1.12–1.79) | 1.04 | (0.94–1.14) |
| Household income, $ | ||||||||||||
| < $15K | 0.76 | (0.43–1.34) | 1.08 | (0.83–1.39) | 1.37 | (0.73–2.56) | 1.82 | (1.12–2.98) | 0.71 | (0.43–1.17) | 0.94 | (0.79–1.13) |
| $15k to $25k | 0.94 | (0.56–1.60) | 1.47 | (1.23–1.77) | 1.52 | (0.79–2.92) | 2.73 | (1.87–3.97) | 0.99 | (0.60–1.65) | 1.03 | (0.89–1.18) |
| $25k to $50k | 0.85 | (0.47–1.54) | 1.40 | (1.21–1.63) | 1.29 | (0.72–2.31) | 1.87 | (1.24–2.82) | 0.70 | (0.41–1.19) | 1.08 | (0.95–1.23) |
| > $50K | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| No high school diploma | 1.40 | (0.73–2.68) | 1.03 | (0.84–1.26) | 0.81 | (0.42–1.54) | 1.51 | (0.96–2.39) | 0.73 | (0.44–1.22) | 0.83 | (0.70–0.98) |
| High school diploma | 0.98 | (0.60–1.62) | 0.88 | (0.72–1.07) | 0.88 | (0.50–1.57) | 1.50 | (0.99–2.28) | 0.78 | (0.49–1.24) | 0.91 | (0.78–1.06) |
| Some college | 1.14 | (0.66–1.98) | 1.05 | (0.87–1.27) | 0.91 | (0.48–1.70) | 1.27 | (0.86–1.87) | 0.88 | (0.57–1.38) | 0.96 | (0.82–1.12) |
| Bachelors and above | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Race | ||||||||||||
| White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| African American | 1.19 | (0.81–1.74) | 1.28 | (0.98–1.68) | 1.69 | (1.11–2.59) | 1.72 | (1.26–2.35) | 0.66 | (0.46–0.93) | 0.67 | (0.54–0.83) |
| All Other | 1.30 | (0.83–2.03) | 0.96 | (0.71–1.31) | 1.70 | (1.02–2.83) | 1.62 | (1.09–2.43) | 0.90 | (0.58–1.39) | 0.74 | (0.58–0.95) |
| Hispanic ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| Not Hispanic | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Hispanic | 0.45 | (0.31–0.66) | 0.86 | (0.66–1.12) | 0.65 | (0.39–1.10) | 0.76 | (0.47–1.24) | 0.43 | (0.29–0.63) | 0.65 | (0.51–0.82) |
| General health status | ||||||||||||
| Excellent, very good, or good | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Fair or poor | 1.38 | (1.04–1.84) | 1.49 | (1.25–1.78) | 1.61 | (1.13–2.31) | 1.70 | (1.27–2.27) | 1.04 | (0.83–1.30) | 1.02 | (0.90–1.16) |
| No. of limitations in ADLs | ||||||||||||
| Zero | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 1 to 2 | 1.20 | (0.87–1.67) | 1.58 | (1.33–1.88) | 1.29 | (0.93–1.79) | 2.27 | (1.63–3.17) | 1.08 | (0.84–1.39) | 1.20 | (1.05–1.38) |
| 3 to 6 | 1.45 | (1.02–2.05) | 1.99 | (1.62–2.45) | 2.20 | (1.49–3.23) | 2.79 | (1.82–4.26) | 1.31 | (0.94–1.82) | 1.49 | (1.25–1.76) |
| No. of chronic conditions | ||||||||||||
| Zero or 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 2 to 3 | 1.65 | (1.21–2.26) | 1.67 | (1.38–2.03) | 1.27 | (0.80–2.01) | 1.85 | (1.20–2.85) | 1.19 | (0.85–1.68) | 1.63 | (1.44–1.84) |
| 4 to 10 | 1.94 | (1.44–2.59) | 2.12 | (1.68–2.68) | 1.71 | (1.08–2.71) | 2.41 | (1.50–3.90) | 1.79 | (1.29–2.47) | 2.14 | (1.89–2.42) |
| Drug Coverage | ||||||||||||
| Part D with Low Income Subsidy | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Medicare Advantage with Part D | 2.01 | (1.34–3.02) | 1.13 | (0.86–1.49) | 1.78 | (1.09–2.90) | 0.86 | (0.59–1.25) | 2.84 | (1.83–4.39) | 1.55 | (1.26–1.90) |
| Traditional Medicare with Part D | 2.49 | (1.51–4.09) | 1.50 | (1.14–1.97) | 2.48 | (1.39–4.43) | 0.77 | (0.50–1.17) | 3.39 | (1.89–6.08) | 2.09 | (1.73–2.52) |
| Other drug supplement plan | 0.69 | (0.40–1.20) | 0.75 | (0.53–1.06) | 0.92 | (0.49–1.73) | 0.53 | (0.31–0.92) | 0.93 | (0.53–1.64) | 1.34 | (1.07–1.66) |
| No drug coverage | 1.71 | (1.01–2.87) | 1.09 | (0.74–1.62) | 2.10 | (1.06–4.13) | 0.60 | (0.33–1.08) | 1.19 | (0.66–2.14) | 1.22 | (0.94–1.59) |
Notes:
Bolded text indicates odds ratio estimates were statistically significant at P<0.05.