Table 2.

Ranked results of model selection. Density refers to annual puma density, wolf to annual wolf abundance, off-refuge elk to annual elk in the Jackson herd wintering off the National Elk Refuge, and elk to annual elk in the Jackson herd wintering on the National Elk Refuge.

model	number of parameters	ΔWAIC	WAICw
density + wolf	19	0.00	0.67
density + off-refuge elk	19	3.52	0.12
density only	15	3.99	0.09
density + elk	19	4.21	0.08
null	11	6.54	0.03
local perceptions modela	15	7.19	0.02

^aThe ‘local perceptions' model included density dependent and off-refuge elk effects on puma fecundity, wolf effects on kitten survival, and both off-refuge elk and wolf effects on adult survival.