Figure 1.

Evolution of pollen feeding. (a) A captive H. hecale with pollen load (white) affixed to its proboscis. (b) Elongated sensory bristles on the proboscis of H. melpomene. (c) A three-dimensional reconstruction of a H. hecale brain showing the mushroom bodies (red) and rest of the brain (grey) from the posterior (top) and anterior (bottom) view. Scale bars, 500 µm in (b) and (c). (d–g) How phylogenetic hypotheses for Heliconiini have changed through time, and how that affects predicted gains (red circle/square) and loss (black circle) of pollen feeding. Pollen feeding lineages are shown in red, dotted lines indicate branches with higher uncertainty. Note the changing position of the Neruda clade, a group of four non-pollen feeding species. (d) Adapted from [4] and based on morphological data. (e–g) Adapted from [5–7] and based on molecular data. (Online version in colour.)