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. 2020 Nov 25;476(2243):20200351. doi: 10.1098/rspa.2020.0351

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© 2020 The Authors.

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 1. — An overview of feedstocks and production processes for different biofuels, also showing the life cycle of fuels from cradle to gate (well to tank) and cradle to grave (well to wheel). Adapted from [14]. The figure has been simplified and other feedstocks, production routes, products/by-products and uses are possible. The italic font denotes the focus of this review, i.e. bioethanol and biodiesel used for transportation. DDGS, dark distillers grain with solids. (Online version in colour.)