Table 2. Summary of PEPVAC intervention Package.

	Session Topic	Session Content Description
Session 1	Orientation and introduction	The session provided a general overview of PEPVAC, the overall goals and expected outcomes.
Session 2	Understanding the developmental stages of children Positive communication-focus on ‘dos’ instead of ‘don’ts	The session taught parents about the stages of child development to understand why children behave the way they do. Parents learnt about the strategies for focusing on dos instead of donts, and how to limit their use of negatives.
Session 3	Age-appropriate expectations for behavior Fostering positive parent child interactions	This session discussed behaviors that can be expected from children at different stages and what is appropriate at given ages. Parents learnt on how to interact positively with children.
Session 4	Common childhood behavior problems and the reinforcing factors - parental attention Parents as role models to their children	The session discussed common childhood behavior problems and how the constant use of punishment can reinforce bad behaviors. Parents learnt the importance of modeling good behavior and how children learn through observation.
Session 5	The harmful effects of harsh discipline part 1 (physical and social effects). Focus attention on good behavior	The session familiarized parents on the effects of harsh discipline on physical and social development of children. Parents learnt how to pay attention on good behavior, how to observe and catch children being good and praising their actions.
Session 6	The harmful effects of harsh discipline part 2 (cognitive & psychological effects) Ignore unwanted behaviors	Parents learnt about the effects of harsh discipline on cognitive and psychological development of children. Parents learnt on how to use ignoring strategy to decrease unwanted behaviors.
Session 7	Non-violent disciplinary methods Praise child when he/she behaves well	Parent learnt examples of how to use non-violent methods and how to raise children without the use of violence. Parents learnt how to use praise strategy to increase desired behaviors and how to praise and reward the child.
Session 8	Review session and closing ceremony	Parents reviewed all skills learned and developed an action plan by committing to contribute to the reduction of harmful practices.

Note. Each program session followed the same 7-step format:

1. Recap skills taught in the previous session (after first session) (10 minutes)

2. Content instruction on child development (35 minutes)

3. Content instruction on positive parenting strategies (35 minutes)

4. Short Break: energizer /folksongs (5 minutes)

5. Group activities and skill practice (25 minutes)

6. Summary (10 minutes)

7. Refreshments