Table 1.
Socio-demographic, lifestyle and health characteristics overall and by sex – 2009–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (n=11,813)
| Total (n = 11,813) | Males (n = 5,814) | Females (n = 5,999) | P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | ||
| Age (years): | |||||||
| Mean ± SEM | 52.74 ± 0.24 | 51.99 ± 0.26 | 53.45 ± 0.27 | <0.0001 | |||
| 30–34 | 10.7 | 9.9, 11.5 | 11.5 | 10.5, 12.6 | 10.0 | 9.1, 11.0 | 0.0001 |
| 35–39 | 10.4 | 9.5, 11.3 | 10.8 | 9.7, 12.0 | 9.9 | 9.1, 11.1 | |
| 40–49 | 23.2 | 22.1, 24.4 | 23.7 | 22.3, 25.1 | 22.8 | 21.4, 24.3 | |
| 50–59 | 23.3 | 22.3, 24.4 | 23.9 | 22.5, 25.4 | 22.8 | 21.4, 24.3 | |
| 60–69 | 17.6 | 16.7, 18.5 | 17.2 | 15.9, 18.6 | 17.9 | 16.7, 19.1 | |
| 70+ | 14.7 | 13.7, 15.7 | 12.9 | 11.9, 13.9 | 16.4 | 15.3, 17.7 | |
| Race/Ethnicity: | 0.0010 | ||||||
| Mexican American | 7.5 | 5.6, 9.8 | 7.9 | 6.1, 10.5 | 6.9 | 5.2, 9.3 | |
| Other Hispanic | 5.1 | 3.9, 6.7 | 5.1 | 3.9, 6.7 | 5.1 | 3.8, 6.8 | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 70.9 | 66.9, 74.6 | 71.2 | 67.4, 74.8 | 70.6 | 66.4, 74.5 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 10.2 | 8.5, 12.1 | 9.2 | 7.8, 11.1 | 11.0 | 9.2, 13.2 | |
| Other | 6.4 | 5.5, 7.4 | 6.4 | 5.4, 7.6 | 6.3 | 5.3, 7.5 | |
| Education: | 0.0002 | ||||||
| < Less Than 9th Grade | 5.4 | 4.7, 6.3 | 5.7 | 4.9, 6.7 | 5.2 | 4.4, 6.1 | |
| 9–11th Grade | 11.1 | 9.8, 12.7 | 11.2 | 9.7, 12.9 | 11.1 | 9.7, 12.7 | |
| High School Grad/GED or Equivalent | 21.6 | 20.0, 23.3 | 22.6 | 20.7, 24.6 | 20.7 | 18.9, 22.6 | |
| Some College or AA degree | 30.1 | 28.8, 31.5 | 27.8 | 26.4, 29.3 | 32.2 | 30.6, 34.0 | |
| College Graduate or above | 31.6 | 29.1, 34.3 | 32.6 | 29.8, 35.5 | 30.7 | 28.1, 33.4 | |
| Marital status: | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Married/Living with partner | 68.1 | 66.6, 69.6 | 73.8 | 71.4, 75.9 | 62.8 | 61.3, 64.3 | |
| Other | 31.9 | 30.3, 33.4 | 26.2 | 24.0, 28.6 | 37.2 | 35.7, 38.7 | |
| Poverty-income ratio: | <0.0001 | ||||||
| < 100% | 11.5 | 10.2, 13.1 | 10.3 | 8.9, 11.9 | 12.7 | 11.1, 14.3 | |
| 100%-<200% | 18.9 | 17.4, 20.6 | 17.8 | 16.3, 19.5 | 19.9 | 18.3, 21.8 | |
| ≥ 200% | 69.5 | 66.8, 72.1 | 71.8 | 69.1, 74.4 | 67.4 | 64.4, 70.1 | |
| Smoking status: | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Never smoker | 53.8 | 52.1, 55.4 | 47.6 | 45.2, 49.9 | 59.7 | 57.8, 61.5 | |
| Ex-smoker | 27.7 | 26.2, 29.3 | 31.9 | 29.9, 34.0 | 23.7 | 21.7, 25.8 | |
| Current smoker | 18.5 | 17.3, 19.8 | 20.5 | 19.1, 21.9 | 16.6 | 14.9, 18.5 | |
| Physical activity: | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 75.9 | 74.7, 77.2 | 80.6 | 79.1, 82.0 | 71.6 | 70.0, 73.1 | |
| No | 24.0 | 22.8, 25.3 | 19.4 | 17.9, 20.9 | 28.4 | 26.8, 29.9 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2): | |||||||
| Mean ± SEM | 29.35 ± 0.11 | 29.16 ± 0.12 | 29.50 ± 0.14 | 0.025 | |||
| < 25.0 | 26.2 | 24.9, 27.4 | 21.8 | 20.2, 23.4 | 30.3 | 28.8, 31.9 | <0.0001 |
| 25.0–29.9 | 35.1 | 33.8, 36.5 | 40.9 | 39.3, 42.7 | 29.6 | 27.9, 31.5 | |
| ≥ 30.0 | 38.7 | 37.3, 40.1 | 37.3 | 35.5, 39.0 | 40.0 | 38.1, 41.9 | |
| Depressive symptoms: | |||||||
| Mean ± SEM | 3.03 ± 0.08 | 2.51 ± 0.09 | 3.53 ± 0.09 | <0.0001 | |||
| High (≥ 10) | 8.2 | 7.4, 9.1 | 5.8 | 4.9, 6.8 | 10.5 | 9.3, 11.7 | <0.0001 |
| Low (<10) | 91.8 | 90.9, 92.6 | 94.2 | 93.2, 95.0 | 89.5 | 88.3, 90.7 | |
| Self-rated health: | 0.11 | ||||||
| Excellent/Very good/Good | 81.6 | 80.0, 82.9 | 82.2 | 80.8, 83.5 | 80.9 | 78.8, 82.8 | |
| Fair/Poor | 18.4 | 17.0, 19.9 | 17.8 | 16.5, 19.1 | 19.1 | 17.2, 21.1 | |
| WBC count: | |||||||
| Mean ± SEM | 7.13 ± 0.04 | 7.10 ± 0.05 | 7.15 ± 0.05 | 0.33 | |||
| % Lymphocytes: | |||||||
| Mean ± SEM | 29.50 ± 0.15 | 28.78 ± 0.17 | 30.17 ± 0.17 | <0.0001 | |||
| % Monocytes: | |||||||
| Mean ± SEM | 7.99 ± 0.05 | 8.39 ± 0.07 | 7.54 ± 0.04 | <0.0001 | |||
| % Neutrophils: | |||||||
| Mean ± SEM | 59.03 ± 0.16 | 59.09 ± 0.19 | 58.96 ± 0.18 | 0.46 | |||
| % Eosinophils: | |||||||
| Mean ± SEM | 2.84 ± 0.03 | 3.05 ± 0.04 | 2.64 ± 0.03 | <0.0001 | |||
| % Basophils: | |||||||
| Mean ± SEM | 71.88 ± 0.01 | 71.39 ± 0.01 | 72.36 ± 0.01 | 0.39 | |||
| Hours of sleep: | |||||||
| Mean ± SEM | 6.89 ± 0.02 | 6.82 ± 0.02 | 6.94 ± 0.02 | 0.001 | |||
| < 7 | 36.2 | 35.0, 37.4 | 38.1 | 36.6, 39.7 | 34.4 | 32.6, 36.3 | 0.004 |
| ≥ 7 | 63.8 | 62.6, 64.9 | 61.8 | 60.3, 63.4 | 65.6 | 63.7, 67.4 | |
| Periodontitis: | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 49.8 | 47.6, 52.1 | 55.6 | 53.1, 58.1 | 44.3 | 42.0, 46.7 | |
| No | 50.2 | 47.9, 52.4 | 44.4 | 41.9, 46.9 | 55.6 | 53.3, 57.9 | |