Table 2.
Subjective Sleep Measures
| Variables | Electroacupuncture (n=49) | Sham (n=52) | Usual Care (n=49) | P value (Electroacupuncture versus Sham) | P value (Electroacupuncture versus Usual Care) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (95% CI) | P value (Within Group) | Mean (95% CI) | P value (Within Group) | Mean (95% CI) | P value (Within Group) | |||
| ISI | ||||||||
| Baseline | 19.02 (17.80, 20.24) | 19.59 (18.47, 20.72) | 18.90 (17.52, 20.28) | |||||
| Week 2 | 13.81 (12.58, 15.04) | <0.0001 | 14.38 (12.80, 15.96) | <0.0001 | 17.56 (16.07, 19.04) | 0.0494 | 0.6404 | <0.0001 |
| Week 4 | 10.13 (8.84, 11.41) | <0.0001 | 11.91 (10.28, 13.54) | <0.0001 | 16.63 (15.29, 17.97) | 0.0014 | 0.0866 | <0.0001 |
| Week 8 | 8.60 (7.19, 10.02) | <0.0001 | 11.28 (9.44, 13.11) | <0.0001 | 15.37 (14.03, 16.71) | <0.0001 | 0.0213 | <0.0001 |
| Week 12 | 8.02 (6.42, 9.62) | <0.0001 | 10.38 (8.65, 12.11) | <0.0001 | 14.62 (13.38, 15.86) | <0.0001 | 0.0446 | <0.0001 |
| PSQI | ||||||||
| Baseline | 11.18 (10.28, 12.09) | 10.92 (9.73, 12.12) | 11.63 (10.74, 12.52) | |||||
| Week 2 | 9.02 (8.07, 9.97) | <0.0001 | 9.74 (8.71, 10.78) | <0.0001 | 10.82 (9.84, 11.80) | 0.0374 | 0.4514 | 0.0048 |
| Week 4 | 7.38 (6.48, 8.27) | <0.0001 | 7.94 (6.87, 9.00) | <0.0001 | 10.46 (9.49, 11.42) | 0.0043 | 0.5178 | <0.0001 |
| Week 8 | 6.79 (5.79, 7.79) | <0.0001 | 7.70 (6.54, 8.86) | <0.0001 | 10.13 (9.12, 11.14) | 0.0013 | 0.2488 | <0.0001 |
| Week 12 | 6.56 (5.53, 7.59) | <0.0001 | 7.21 (6.01, 8.41) | <0.0001 | 9.95 (8.87, 11.03) | 0.0019 | 0.4848 | <0.0001 |
| Sleep diary (SOL, min) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 63.62 (51.42, 75.83) | 54.28 (45.20, 63.35) | 42.71 (35.26, 50.16) | |||||
| Week 2 | 43.32 (33.77, 52.87) | 0.0003 | 45.31 (36.39, 54.22) | 0.0344 | 41.99 (33.72, 50.25) | 0.7908 | 0.2690 | 0.0767 |
| Week 4 | 39.31 (30.33, 48.30) | <0.0001 | 37.83 (29.85, 45.81) | 0.0002 | 40.91 (33.18, 48.65) | 0.5539 | 0.6164 | 0.0113 |
| Week 8 | 37.44 (26.88, 48.00) | <0.0001 | 36.82 (28.87, 44.77) | 0.0002 | 39.51 (32.79, 46.23) | 0.2966 | 0.5705 | 0.0207 |
| Week 12 | 33.95 (26.81, 41.09) | <0.0001 | 34.59 (27.67, 41.52) | <0.0001 | 37.40 (30.59, 44.22) | 0.1363 | 0.4436 | 0.0234 |
| Sleep diary (WASO, number) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 1.98 (1.69, 2.28) | 2.27 (1.92, 2.61) | 1.78 (1.45, 2.12) | |||||
| Week 2 | 1.61 (1.38, 1.85) | 0.0011 | 1.80 (1.51, 2.09) | 0.0001 | 1.76 (1.44, 2.08) | 0.8546 | 0.8811 | 0.0435 |
| Week 4 | 1.51 (1.26, 1.76) | <0.0001 | 1.77 (1.48, 2.06) | <0.0001 | 1.65 (1.35, 1.94) | 0.2294 | 0.5121 | 0.0667 |
| Week 8 | 1.48 (1.21, 1.75) | <0.0001 | 1.82 (1.48, 2.17) | 0.0067 | 1.64 (1.31, 1.96) | 0.1669 | 0.3303 | 0.0588 |
| Week 12 | 1.34 (1.10, 1.57) | <0.0001 | 1.78 (1.46, 2.09) | 0.0004 | 1.68 (1.29, 2.07) | 0.5923 | 0.0755 | 0.0392 |
| Sleep diary (TST, min) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 327.3 (307.9, 346.8) | 320.2 (298.6, 341.8) | 325.6 (302.5, 348.9) | |||||
| Week 2 | 357.0 (339.1, 374.9) | <0.0001 | 350.2 (329.9, 370.6) | 0.0002 | 327.7 (306.7, 348.7) | 0.7901 | 0.8489 | 0.0030 |
| Week 4 | 365.0 (350.8, 379.3) | <0.0001 | 358.9 (337.0, 380.9) | <0.0001 | 332.3 (312.8, 351.8) | 0.4640 | 0.8576 | 0.0010 |
| Week 8 | 375.1 (359.9, 390.4) | <0.0001 | 363.9 (342.8, 385.1) | <0.0001 | 343.7 (321.7, 365.6) | 0.0665 | 0.5071 | 0.0040 |
| Week 12 | 375.3 (356.8, 393.8) | <0.0001 | 369.6 (348.6, 390.6) | <0.0001 | 349.2 (329.2, 369.2) | 0.0195 | 0.8609 | 0.0310 |
| Sleep diary (SE, %) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 79.6 (76.2, 83.1) | 78.6 (74.4, 82.9) | 83.1 (79.2, 87.1) | |||||
| Week 2 | 84.4 (80.6, 88.3) | 0.0115 | 81.8 (78.0, 85.6) | 0.0628 | 83.5 (79.5, 87.4) | 0.8185 | 0.3668 | 0.1510 |
| Week 4 | 87.8 (84.9, 90.8) | <0.0001 | 82.9 (79.2, 86.8) | 0.0313 | 83.1 (79.1, 87.1) | 0.9755 | 0.0397 | 0.0002 |
| Week 8 | 88.4 (85.1, 91.7) | <0.0001 | 84.7 (81.3, 88.1) | 0.0005 | 83.3 (79.2, 87.3) | 0.9189 | 0.1028 | 0.0001 |
| Week 12 | 88.2 (85.2, 91.3) | <0.0001 | 84.6 (81.4, 87.9) | 0.0042 | 85.9 (82.5, 89.3) | 0.0834 | 0.1147 | 0.0307 |
Notes: Bold values mean statistical significance within-group or inter-group (P<0.05). Week 4 was the end of treatment.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; ISI, insomnia severity index; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SE, sleep efficiency; SOL, sleep onset latency; TST, total sleep time; WASO, waking after sleep onset.