Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population
| Males (n=1002) | Females (n=1718) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameters | CKD (-) (n=832, 83.03%) |
CKD (+) (n=170, 16.97%) |
P | CKD (-) (n=1450, 84.40%) |
CKD (+) (n=268, 15.60%) |
P |
| Age (years) | 54.0 (14.4) | 63.9 (12.6) | <0.001 | 52.7 (13.7) | 63.6 (13.4) | <0.001 |
| Education (high school or above, n (%)) | 395 (47.5%) | 59 (34.7%) | <0.01 | 512 (37.0%) | 43 (17.1%) | <0.001 |
| History of hypertension, n (%) | 204 (24.5%) | 100 (59.2%) | <0.001 | 280 (19.3%) | 135 (50.4%) | <0.001 |
| History of diabetes, n (%) | 56 (6.7%) | 35 (20.7%) | <0.001 | 93 (6.4%) | 43(16.0%) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity, n (%) | 463 (55.6%) | 101 (59.4%) | 0.37 | 797 (56.0%) | 173 (64.8%) | 0.008 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 270 (32.5%) | 53 (31.2%) | 0.75 | 13 (0.9%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.39 |
| Current alcohol use, n (%) | 115 (13.8%) | 25 (14.7%) | 0.76 | 13 (0.9%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.38 |
| Height (cm) | 166.66 (6.52) | 165.30 (5.96) | 0.012 | 155.41 (5.86) | 153.06 (6.59) | <0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 67.18 (10.39) | 68.69 (10.94) | 0.088 | 56.68 (8.59) | 58.75 (9.95) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 87.54 (9.43) | 91.08 (9.83) | <0.001 | 81.23 (9.67) | 86.80 (10.20) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.15 (3.32) | 25.07 (3.53) | <0.001 | 23.45 (3.35) | 25.05 (4.05) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 132.87 (18.15) | 144.98 (18.80) | <0.001 | 129.20 (34.77) | 145.55 (21.71) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 83.03 (11.00) | 86.82 (12.04) | <0.001 | 78.84 (10.46) | 84.04 (11.60) | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L | 5.16 (1.18) | 5.95 (2.24) | <0.001 | 5.06 (0.96) | 5.84 (1.85) | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.69 (1.09) | 1.96 (1.23) | <0.001 | 1.38 (0.78) | 1.74 (0.99) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.37 (0.29) | 1.36 (0.35) | 0.62 | 1.60 (0.32) | 1.53 (0.34) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.11 (0.90) | 3.23 (1.00) | 0.13 | 3.20 (0.91) | 3.45 (0.98) | <0.001 |
| VLDL-c mmol/L | 0.76 (0.47) | 0.89 (0.56) | 0.005 | 0.62 (0.35) | 0.78 (0.44) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.25 (0.99) | 5.48 (1.11) | <0.01 | 5.43 (1.06) | 5.76 (1.12) | <0.001 |
| hypersensitive C-reactive protein, mmol/L | 1.24 (0.55,2.57) | 1.86 (0.82, 3.43) | <0.001 | 1.18(0.40,2.26) | 1.94(0.89,3.81) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 88.59 (16.95) | 73,49 (26.76) | <0.001 | 100.97 (19.89) | 85.69 (25.12) | <0.001 |
| ACR (mg/g) | 7.42 (4.77,11.35) | 44.88(30.48,87.47) | <0.001 | 9.77 (6.71,14.67) | 48.60 (34.99,90.83) | <0.001 |
| LAPI (cm ·mmol/L) | 40.42 (33.90) | 53.73 (41.80) | <0.001 | 34.27 (27.33) | 52.40 (36.76) | <0.001 |
| VAI | 1.38 (0.88,2.14) | 1.67 (1.11,2.55) | <0.001 | 1.38 (0.94,2.17) | 2.00 (1.19,3.04) | <0.001 |
| TyG | 8.68 (0.59) | 8.94 (0.63) | <0.001 | 8.49 (0.54) | 8.83 (0.60) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: VAI, visceral adiposity index; LAPI, lipid accumulation product index; TyG, product of triacylglycerol and glucose; eGFR, the estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.