Table 1.
Baseline clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of the study population
| Variable | MAC-related MV dysfunction |
Control group (n = 866) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study population (n = 5754) | P-value* | 3–5 mmHg (n = 3927) | >5 mmHg to <10mmHg (n = 1476) | ≥10 mmHg (n = 351) | P-value † | ||
| Age (years) | 77.5 ± 11 | <0.001 | 78.4 ± 10.5 | 76 ± 12 | 74 ± 13 | <0.001 | 79 ± 10 |
| Male | 1916 (33.3) | <0.001 | 1373 (35.0) | 439 (30) | 104 (30) | <0.001 | 409 (47) |
| BSA (m²) | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 0.82 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 0.22 | 1.8 ± 0.3 |
| Medical history | |||||||
| Hypertension | 4579 (79.6) | 0.03 | 3210 (81.7) | 1127 (76) | 242 (69) | <0.001 | 717 (82.9) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 3715 (64.6) | <0.001 | 2622 (66.8) | 907 (61) | 186 (53) | <0.001 | 631 (72.9) |
| Diabetes | 2440 (42.4) | <0.001 | 1667 (42.5) | 638 (43) | 135 (39) | 0.27 | 296 (34.2) |
| CKD Stage ≥3 | 988 (17.2) | 0.03 | 638 (16.3) | 282 (19) | 68 (19) | 0.02 | 123 (14.2) |
| CAD | 3243 (56.4) | 0.003 | 2282 (58.1) | 778 (53) | 183 (52) | <0.001 | 535 (61.8) |
| Myocardial infarction | 871 (15.1) | 0.19 | 639 (16.3) | 197 (13) | 35 (10) | 0.001 | 146 (16.8) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 2392 (41.6) | <0.001 | 1655 (42.1) | 590 (40) | 147 (42) | 0.35 | 421 (48.6) |
| Stroke | 491 (8.5) | 0.36 | 339 (8.6) | 127 (9) | 25 (7) | 0.62 | 82 (9.5) |
| Chest radiation | 163 (2.8) | 0.92 | 114 (2.9) | 42 (2.8) | 7 (2.0) | 0.62 | 24 (2.8) |
| Laboratory data | |||||||
| Hct (%) | 33.7 ± 5.5 | <0.001 | 34.0 ± 5.5 | 33.3 ± 6 | 33.2 ± 6 | <0.001 | 35.0 ± 5.7 |
| Echocardiographic data | |||||||
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 64.5 ± 13 | <0.001 | 63.9 ± 13 | 66 ± 13 | 67 ± 12 | <0.001 | 61.7 ± 13 |
| LV end diastolic diameter (mm) | 42.8 ± 7 | <0.001 | 43.0 ± 7 | 42 ± 7 | 41 ± 7 | <0.001 | 44.7 ± 7 |
| LV end systolic diameter (mm) | 28.1 ± 7 | <0.001 | 28.4 ± 7 | 28 ± 7 | 27 ± 7 | <0.001 | 30.1 ± 8 |
| Septal thickness (mm) | 12.6 ± 2.5 | <0.001 | 12.5 ± 2.4 | 12.6 ± 2.6 | 12.9 ± 2.7 | 0.004 | 11.9 ± 2.6 |
| LA anteroposterior dimension (mm) | 41 ± 7 | 0.89 | 41 ± 7 | 42 ± 6 | 43 ± 6 | 0.003 | 41 ± 7 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 75 ± 15 | 72 ± 14 | 80 ± 15 | 83 ± 16 | <0.001 | 65 ± 11 | |
| Transmitral mean gradient (mmHg) | 5.2 ± 2.5 | <0.001 | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 6.9 ± 1.0 | 12.4 ± 2.7 | <0.001 | 1.8 ± 0.5 |
| Transmitral peak gradient (mmHg) | 12.7 ± 5.2 | <0.001 | 10.4 ± 2.8 | 15.8 ± 3.8 | 25.1 ± 6.0 | <0.001 | 5.7 ± 2.2 |
| RVSP (mmHg) | 48.5 ± 15 | <0.001 | 46.4 ± 14 | 51 ± 14 | 59 ± 17 | <0.001 | 40.9 ± 14 |
| Extent/location of annular calcium | |||||||
|
1249 (22) | <0.001 | 1011 (26) | 202 (14) | 36 (10) | <0.001 | 415 (49) |
|
905 (16) | 679 (18) | 192 (13) | 34 (10) | 188 (22) | ||
|
3524 (62) | 2186 (56) | 1062 (73) | 276 (80) | 236 (28) | ||
| Mitral regurgitation | |||||||
| None/trace | 1794 (32) | 0.13 | 1282 (34) | 422 (30) | 90 (26) | <0.001 | 280 (32) |
| Mild | 2326 (42) | 1655 (43) | 536 (38) | 135 (39) | 362 (42) | ||
| Moderate | 1270 (23) | 796 (21) | 381 (27) | 93 (27) | 180 (21) | ||
| Severe | 191 (3) | 88 (2) | 78 (5.5) | 25 (7.3) | 17 (2.0) | ||
| Aortic stenosis | |||||||
| None/mild | 3729 (65) | 0.023 | 2577 (66) | 933 (63) | 219 (62) | 0.261 | 600 (69) |
| Moderate | 538 (9) | 353 (9) | 144 (10) | 41 (12) | 63 (7) | ||
| Severe | 1487 (26) | 997 (25) | 399 (27) | 91 (26) | 203 (23) | ||
| Tricuspid regurgitation, ≥ moderate | 1284 (24) | 0.04 | 815 (22) | 371 (26) | 98 (29) | <0.001 | 170 (20) |
Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation or n (%). BSA, body surface area; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CAD, coronary artery disease; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure.
*
P-value reported relative to control group.
†
P-value indicating differences across three gradient groups.