Figure 1.

Effects of water restriction and rehydration with a SB on hydration and renal function markers. (a) Markers of hydration: plasma and urine osmolality and plasma copeptin. (b) Markers of renal damage (creatinine clearance, NAG urine excretion, and KIM-1 renal cortex expression) and systolic blood pressure. For western blotting, 3 randomly selected samples per group were analyzed. Results are presented as mean ± SD and analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. Statistical significance was established as ^∗p ≤ 0.05, ^∗∗p ≤ 0.01, ^∗∗∗p ≤ 0.001, and ^∗∗∗∗p ≤ 0.0001.