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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2020 Oct 14;519:111052. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111052

Figure 4: The effects of GH/IGF-1 axis on OA initiation and progression.

Figure 4:

OA is characterized by a progressive degeneration of the articular cartilage, leading to changes in the entire synovial joint structure. These include narrowing of the joint space, sinovitis, deterioration of subchondral bone volume and structure, and formation of osteophytes. The roles of the GH/IGF-1 axis in OA are not fully understood. However, studies have shown a bell-shaped relationship between OA and GH/IGF signals, where too-low or too-high levels of these two hormones are associated with the joint disease.