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. 2020 Dec 14;10:21850. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78935-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of betaine on liver and small intestine tissue pathological changes and serum biochemical indicators in ALF mice. (A) The liver tissues were stained with HE (× 200). (B) The small intestine tissues were stained with HE (× 200). (C–E) The serum levels of ALT, AST, and TBIL in different animal groups. ^#P < 0.05, compared with the normal group; *P < 0.05, compared with the model group. (F–H) The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-18 in each group. (I,J) The relative mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-18 in liver and small intestine tissue. ^#P < 0.05, compared with the normal group; *P < 0.05, compared with the model group.