Table 1 –
Demographics and Clinical Characteristics (n = 120).
| Adolescent Clinical Variables | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Range | Mean (SD) | N (%) | |
| Duration of Diabetes (years) | 1–16 | 5.8 (3.6) | – |
| HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol) | 8.0–11.5 | 9.2 (0.9) | – |
| 64–102 | 77 (7.6) | ||
| Daily BGM | 0.21–9.30 | 3.29 (1.75) | – |
| PHQ-9 | 0–24 | 4.14 (4.02) | |
| Minimal (0–4) | 72 (60.0) | ||
| Mild (5–10) | 41 (34.2) | ||
| Moderate/Severe (≥11) | 7 (5.8) | ||
| PSQI | 2–16 | 4.73 (2.30) | |
| Sleep Quality (0–4) | 88 (73.9) | ||
| Poor Sleep Quality (>5) | 31 (26.1) | ||
| Adolescent Demographic Variables | |||
| N (%) | |||
| Age (years) | 13–17 | 14.83 (1.44) | – |
| Sex | |||
| Male | – | – | 57 (47.5) |
| Female | – | – | 63 (52.5) |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| White, Non-Hispanic | – | – | 105 (87.5) |
| Other | – | – | 14 (11.7) |
| Unknown | – | – | 1 (0.8) |
| Annual Family Income (USD) | |||
| <39,000 | – | – | 32 (26.7) |
| 40,000–79,000 | – | – | 45 (37.5) |
| >80,000 | – | – | 43 (35.8) |
| Treatment Type | |||
| Insulin Pump | – | – | 61 (50.8) |
| Injection | – | – | 59 (49.2) |
Note. Daily BGM = Average daily blood glucose checks from meter download. PHQ-9 = Pediatric Health Questionnaire measures depressive symptoms. PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index