Table 1.

Maternal characteristics organized on the basis of the results of Children’s fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) screening for at 1.5 years and/or 5 years

	Total (N=977)		Negative FASD Screen (N=817)		Positive FASD Screen (N=160)		FASD Diagnosis†(N=18)		P-value
Characteristics	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Age, mean (SD)	26.5	(5.6)	26.4	(5.58)	27.1	(5.86)	29.7	(6.97)	0.190
>35 years	74	7.6	58	7.1	16	10.0	6	33.3	0.205
Education level < high school	249	25.5	198	24.2	51	31.9	7	38.9	0.043*
Monthly household income ≤ R2,000	499	52.8	400	50.6	99	63.9	13	72.2	0.002**
Housing
Informal housing	665	68.1	550	67.3	115	71.9	11	61.1	0.258
No water on site	460	47.1	380	46.5	80	50.0	8	44.4	0.419
No flush toilet	445	45.6	361	44.2	84	52.5	8	44.4	0.053
No electricity	105	10.8	82	10.0	23	14.4	1	5.6	0.105
Food Insecurity	486	49.7	401	49.1	85	53.1	12	66.7	0.350
EPDS score, mean (SD)	10.8	(7.0)	10.5	(6.90)	12.6	(7.00)	14.2	(7.10)	<0.001***
EPDS score ≥ 13	345	35.3	271	33.2	74	46.3	10	55.6	0.002**
Any intimate partner violence	354	36.3	282	34.5	72	45.3	12	66.7	0.010**
Mother living with HIV	276	28.3	227	29.6	49	32.7	9	50.0	0.048*
Alcohol Use
Drank alcohol during pregnancy (baseline)	258	26.4	205	25.1	53	33.1	16	88.9	0.035*
Binge ≥ once per month during pregnancy (baseline)	131	14.7	100	13.5	31	20.5	12	75.0	0.025*
Drank alcohol during pregnancy (60 month recall) 185	185	20.7	142	19.1	43	28.5	15	83.3	0.010**
Binge ≥once per month during pregnancy (60 month recall)	152	17.0	120	16.2	32	21.2	12	66.7	0.133

^*p<0.05

^**p<0.01

^***p<0.001 p-values are from chi-squared, Fisher’s exact, and t-tests comparing positive and negative FASD screening outcomes. SD: standard deviation; EPDS: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus.

^†FASD diagnosis is a subsample of children who received positive FASD screening.