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. 2020 Dec 1;8:554732. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2020.554732

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Proliferation of RAW 264.7 macrophages after exposure for 24 or 48 h with 10 or 100 μg/ml of chitin trisaccharide (28), pentasaccharide (29), heptasaccharide (30), and chitin, as well as chitosan trisaccharide (25), pentasaccharide (26), heptasaccharide (27), and chitosan. Untreated RAW 264.7 cells were used as the negative control. Concanavaline A (Con A, 10 μg/ml), phytohemagglutinin (PHA, 10 μg/ml), pokeweed mitogen (PWM, 1 μg/ml), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 μg/ml) were used as positive controls. Horizontal dashed line represents baseline. Results are expressed as the mean stimulation indexes (average relative light units in the presence of antigens/average relative light units obtained without antigen). All data are presented as mean stimulation indexes ± SD. Tests were carried out in triplicate. Statistical significance of differences between untreated and stimulated cells using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni test is expressed as: ***P < 0.001, ** 0.001 < P < 0.01, * 0.01 < P < 0.05.