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. 2020 Dec 1;8:554732. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2020.554732

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Effect of chitin oligosaccharide and chitosan oligosaccharide glycoconjugates on RAW 264.7 macrophagescytokines production. Concentrations of cytokines (pg/ml) in media were determined after stimulation of RAW264.7 macrophages for 24 or 48 h with 10 μg/ml or 100 μg/ml of chitin oligosaccharide glycoconjugates: (GNAc)3 - Spacer - Biotin (1a), (GNAc)5 - Spacer - Biotin (2a), (GNAc)7 - Spacer - Biotin (3a); Chitin; chitosan oligosaccharide glycoconjugates: (GNH2)3 - Spacer - Biotin (1b), (GNH2)5 - Spacer - Biotin (2b), (GNH2)7 - Spacer - Biotin (3b) and Chitosan. Negative control represents untreated RAW 264.7 cells (Control). Concanavaline A (Con A, 10 μg/ml) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA, 10 μg/ml) Pokeweed mitogen, (PWM, 1 μg/ml) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 μg/m)were used as positive controls. All data are presented as Mean ± SD. Tests were carried out in triplicate. The statistical significance of differences between untreated cells and stimulated cells are expressed; 24 h treatment with 10 μg/ml of oligosaccharide glycoconjugate: ***P < 0.001, **0.001 < P < 0.01, *0.01 < P < 0.05, 24 h treatment with 100 μg/ml of oligosaccharide glycoconjugate: ###P < 0.001, ##0.001 < P < 0.01, #0.01 < P < 0.05, 48 h treatment with 10 μg/ml of oligosaccharide glycoconjugate: ΦΦΦ P < 0.001, ΦΦ0.001 < P < 0.01, Φ0.01 < P < 0.05 and 48 h treatment with 100 μg/ml of oligosaccharide glycoconjugate: ♦♦♦P < 0.001, ♦♦0.001 < P < 0.01, ♦0.01 < P < 0.05. The statistical significance of differences between untreated cells and positive controls are expressed; 24 h treatment:•••P < 0.001,••0.001 < P < 0.01,•0.01 < P < 0.05, 48 h treatment: ○○○P < 0.001, ○○0.001 < P < 0.01, ○0.01 < P < 0.05.