Table 2.
Evaluation of phagocytosis, respiratory burst, and metabolic activity of RAW 264.7 cells following exposure to chitosan and chitosan-derived oligosaccharides.
| Formulae | Dose (μg/ml) | Cell bound and internalized SPA(%) | Internalized SPA (%) | Membrane attached SPA (%) | Respiratory burst (%) | Metabolic activity (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RAW 264.7 24 h exposition | ||||||
| 25 | 10 | 54.19 ± 0.01*** | 52.44 ± 0.01*** | 1.75 ± 0.04*** | 68.06 ± 0.33*** | 26.2 ± 0.03*** |
| 100 | 58.13 ± 0.01*** | 42.61 ± 0.21*** | 15.52 ± 0.04*** | 62.56 ± 0.02*** | 25.86 ± 0.03*** | |
| 26 | 10 | 54.01 ± 0.12*** | 36.77 ± 0.05*** | 17.24 ± 0.31* | 69.92 ± 0.06*** | 28.13 ± 0.08*** |
| 100 | 51.12 ± 0.13*** | 30.68 ± 0.07* | 20.44 ± 0.09*** | 62.39 ± 0.12*** | 31.72 ± 0.08*** | |
| 27 | 10 | 70.28 ± 0.15*** | 42.54 ± 0.06*** | 27.75 ± 0.11*** | 49.31 ± 0.10*** | 25.19 ± 0.07*** |
| 100 | 80.52 ± 0.11*** | 32.91 ± 0.21** | 42.71 ± 0.24*** | 66.92 ± 0.01*** | 25.71 ± 0.07*** | |
| Chitosan | 10 | 60.12 ± 0.11*** | 38.91 ± 0.24*** | 21.21 ± 0.16** | 58.74 ± 0.01*** | 24.11 ± 0.09* |
| 100 | 66.12 ± 0.21*** | 36.42 ± 0.32*** | 29.77 ± 0.13** | 63.82 ± 0.02*** | 35.16 ± 0.23*** | |
| Control | 47.62 ± 0.04 | 29.65 ± 0.14 | 17.97 ± 0.06 | 39.65 ± 0.26 | 23.64 ± 0.01 | |
| RAW 264.7 48 h exposition | ||||||
| 25 | 10 | 74.24 ± 0.26*** | 69.23 ± 0.24*** | 5.01 ± 0.15*** | 65.8 ± 0.14*** | 37.55 ± 0.26*** |
| 100 | 89.30 ± 0.32*** | 68.2 ± 0.26*** | 21.10 ± 0.11** | 81.3 ± 0.05*** | 22.36 ± 0.08*** | |
| 26 | 10 | 60.64 ± 0.40*** | 57.22 ± 0.40*** | 3.42 ± 0.32*** | 71.60 ± 0.12*** | 37.46 ± 0.23*** |
| 100 | 72.05 ± 0.26*** | 46.45 ± 0.10*** | 26.6 ± 0.23 | 93.33 ± 0.26*** | 24.60 ± 0.12*** | |
| 27 | 10 | 46.30 ± 0.26*** | 59.35 ± 0.06*** | 13.05 ± 0.24*** | 89.06 ± 0.05*** | 16.60 ± 0.09*** |
| 100 | 70.01 ± 0.34*** | 57.72 ± 0.09*** | 12.29 ± 0.17*** | 70.18 ± 0.15*** | 26.01 ± 0.05*** | |
| Chitosan | 10 | 62.28 ± 0.37*** | 19.95 ± 0.23*** | 42.33 ± 0.27*** | 68.35 ± 0.03*** | 15.90 ± 0.23*** |
| 100 | 78.30 ± 0.15*** | 17.21 ± 0.05*** | 61.09 ± 0.11*** | 83.98 ± 0.23*** | 17.21 ± 0.11*** | |
| Control | 54.14 ± 0.15 | 27.18 ± 0.13 | 26.96 ± 0.26 | 53.43 ± 0.13 | 28.76 ± 0.04 | |
Phagocytic activity, oxidative burst, and metabolic activity were expressed as percentage of cells actually undergoing these processes in a population of 10,000 cells. All data are presented as mean ± SD. Tests were carried out in triplicate. Statistical significance of differences between untreated and stimulated cells using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni tests is expressed as:
***
P < 0.001,
**
0.001 < P < 0.01,
*
0.01 < P < 0.05.