Table 1.

Examples of Phytochemicals Targeting the ECS with Phytocannabinoid-Like Activity

Ingredient	Chemical Classification	Plant Source(s)	Mechanism of Actions	Potential Therapeutic Actions
Limonene	Terpene	Citrus fruits	Glutathione upregulation143	Antioxidant, antitumor activity143
β-Carophyllene (BCP)	Sesquiterpene	Hops, Copaiba, black pepper, rosemary, hemp essential oil144	CB2 receptor agonism145,146	Anxiolytic, antinociceptive144,146–148
Echinacea	Alkylamides	Echinacea, Sichuan pepper	CB2 receptor agonism149–151	Anti-inflammatory152, antimicrobial153, antioxidant154
Turmeric	Curcuminoids	Turmeric	CB1 receptor agonism155	Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties156
Boswellic acids	Triterpenes	Frankincense	Inhibition of PGE2 (Prostaglandin E2) synthase157	Anti-inflammatory157
Magnolia	Polyphenols	Magnolia bark	CB2 receptor agonism158	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory159
Ashwagandha	Lactones and steroidal alkaloids	Withania somnifera	Potential GABA mimetic action160	Immuno-modulatory, stress reduction160