Table 2.
Crude and adjusted ORs for awareness and susceptibility of HTP among Guatemalan youth*
| HTP awareness n=1503 (52.4%) |
HTP susceptible n=1500 (52.4%) |
|||||||||
| % | OR | 95%CI | AOR† | 95%CI | % | OR | 95%CI | AOR† | 95%CI | |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Female | 54.94 | Reference | Reference | 52.33 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Male | 49.72 | 0.86 | (0.74 to 1.01) | 0.81‡ | (0.68 to 0.97) | 52.40 | 0.98 | (0.84 to 1.14) | 0.83 | (0.66 to 1.04) |
| Age (mean) | 15.29 | 1.25‡ | (1.17 to 1.32) | 1.05 | (0.93 to 1.18) | 15.26 | 1.29‡ | (1.22 to 1.37) | 0.93 | (0.79 to 1.08) |
| Grade—US categories | ||||||||||
| Basico (grades 8–9) | 43.77 | Reference | Reference | 44.04 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Bachillerato (grades 10–12) | 58.95 | 1.73‡ | (1.48 to 2.02) | 1.00 | (0.74 to 1.35) | 58.64 | 1.92‡ | (1.64 to 2.24) | 1.08 | (0.73 to 1.59) |
| School performance | ||||||||||
| <80% | 53.26 | Reference | Reference | 60.92 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 80%–89% | 54.62 | 1.02 | (0.82 to 1.27) | 1.30‡ | (1.01 to 1.67) | 55.12 | 0.75‡ | (0.61 to 0.93) | 0.88 | (0.64 to 1.20) |
| 90%–100% | 48.61 | 0.72‡ | (0.57 to 0.92) | 1.13 | (0.85 to 1.51) | 44.58 | 0.49‡ | (0.39 to 0.62) | 0.83 | (0.58 to 1.19) |
| Parents’ highest educational attainment | ||||||||||
| Secondary school or less | 53.06 | Reference | Reference | 46.94 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| High school or technical school | 52.33 | 1.00 | (0.55 to 1.83) | 0.75 | (0.37 to 1.51) | 52.33 | 1.23 | (0.69 to 2.22) | 1.07 | (0.43 to 2.67) |
| University or more | 52.87 | 1.06 | (0.60 to 1.90) | 0.80 | (0.41 to 1.59) | 53.29 | 1.27 | (0.72 to 2.24) | 1.34 | (0.55 to 3.27) |
| Missing | 45.26 | 0.71 | (0.37 to 1.40) | 0.91 | (0.40 to 2.05) | 39.71 | 0.75 | (0.39 to 1.46) | 1.11 | (0.39 to 3.16) |
| Substance use variables | % | OR | 95%CI | AOR† | 95%CI | % | OR | 95%CI | AOR† | 95%CI |
| Cigarette smoker | ||||||||||
| Never (unsusceptible) | 41.59 | Reference | Reference | 17.00 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Never (susceptible) | 51.39 | 1.54‡ | (1.28 to 1.86) | 0.88 | (0.69 to 1.13) | 75.90 | 15.68‡ | (12.52 to 19.65) | 6.18‡ | (4.72 to 8.07) |
| Ever (not current) | 65.06 | 2.69‡ | (2.19 to 3.31) | 1.19 | (0.89 to 1.59) | 81.36 | 22.69‡ | (17.53 to 29.37) | 6.93‡ | (5.02 to 9.57) |
| Current | 79.60 | 5.60‡ | (4.01 to 7.81) | 1.58 | (1.00 to 2.49) | 90.80 | 51.58‡ | (32.64 to 81.51) | 10.53‡ | (5.92 to 18.71) |
| E-cigarette user | ||||||||||
| Never (unsusceptible) | 33.43 | Reference | Reference | 4.64 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Never (susceptible) | 43.12 | 1.60‡ | (1.27 to 2.03) | 1.28 | (0.95 to 1.73) | 63.42 | 36.41‡ | (24.52 to 54.07) | 12.18‡ | (7.79 to 19.03) |
| Ever (not current) | 55.94 | 2.51‡ | (2.03 to 3.09) | 1.65‡ | (1.23 to 2.21) | 61.34 | 38.66‡ | (26.34 to 57.75) | 11.08‡ | (7.07 to 17.37) |
| Current | 72.41 | 4.67‡ | (3.73 to 5.86) | 2.10‡ | (1.47 to 2.99) | 78.73 | 124.45‡ | (82.40 to 187.94) | 21.87‡ | (13.02 to 36.71) |
| Alcohol | ||||||||||
| Never | 35.34 | Reference | Reference | 20.56 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Ever (not current) | 46.25 | 1.65‡ | (1.34 to 2.03) | 1.25 | (0.97 to 1.60) | 52.41 | 4.18‡ | (3.33 to 5.26) | 1.73‡ | (1.25 to 2.41) |
| Current (no binge) | 57.84 | 2.44‡ | (1.96 to 3.05) | 1.28 | (0.95 to 1.71) | 65.68 | 8.78‡ | (6.81 to 11.32) | 1.49‡ | (1.03 to 2.17) |
| Current (binge) | 76.83 | 5.27‡ | (4.07 to 6.82) | 1.84‡ | (1.28 to 2.65) | 75.36 | 17.99‡ | (13.41 to 24.15) | 1.65‡ | (1.04 to 2.60) |
| Marijuana | ||||||||||
| Never | 49.43 | Reference | Reference | 48.40 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Ever (not current) | 77.97 | 3.49‡ | (2.42 to 5.04) | 1.50 | (0.97 to 2.32) | 85.88 | 6.79‡ | (4.40 to 10.46) | 1.61 | (0.94 to 2.75) |
| Current | 81.55 | 4.03‡ | (2.42 to 6.71) | 1.48 | (0.82 to 2.67) | 93.20 | 16.78‡ | (7.72 to 36.49) | 3.49‡ | (1.40 to 8.72) |
| Internet cigarette ad exposure | ||||||||||
| Never | 44.74 | Reference | Reference | 38.78 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Rarely/sometimes | 55.19 | 1.66‡ | (1.40 to 1.96) | 1.07 | (0.86 to 1.34) | 58.64 | 2.22‡ | (1.88 to 2.62) | 1.40‡ | (1.06 to 1.84) |
| Mostly/always | 63.01 | 2.44‡ | (1.87 to 3.19) | 1.08 | (0.75 to 1.57) | 64.78 | 2.87‡ | (2.20 to 3.73) | 1.52 | (0.97 to 2.40) |
| Internet e-cigarette ad exposure | ||||||||||
| Never | 39.70 | Reference | Reference | 35.38 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Rarely/sometimes | 55.47 | 2.00‡ | (1.68 to 2.38) | 1.39‡ | (1.10 to 1.75) | 57.11 | 2.43‡ | (2.05 to 2.89) | 1.05 | (0.78 to 1.41) |
| Mostly/always | 66.12 | 3.33‡ | (2.62 to 4.22) | 1.76‡ | (1.26 to 2.46) | 69.12 | 4.05‡ | (3.19 to 5.13) | 0.86 | (0.57 to 1.30) |
| Family member smokes cigarettes | ||||||||||
| No | 45.78 | Reference | Reference | 46.13 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 64.36 | 2.14‡ | (1.82 to 2.51) | 1.31‡ | (1.07 to 1.60) | 63.80 | 2.08‡ | (1.78 to 2.44) | 1.17 | (0.91 to 1.50) |
| Family member smokes e-cigarettes | ||||||||||
| No | 47.96 | Reference | Reference | 48.76 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 69.28 | 2.17‡ | (1.78 to 2.64) | 1.25 | (0.98 to 1.59) | 66.39 | 2.25‡ | (1.85 to 2.73) | 1.08 | (0.81 to 1.45) |
| Family member uses HTP | ||||||||||
| No | 49.98 | Reference | Reference | 51.18 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 67.85 | 2.08‡ | (1.65 to 2.62) | 1.60‡ | (1.22 to 2.09) | 60.51 | 1.48‡ | (1.19 to 1.84) | 0.98 | (0.71 to 1.36) |
| Friend smokes cigarettes | ||||||||||
| No | 43.72 | Reference | Reference | 40.50 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 59.81 | 1.89‡ | (1.62 to 2.20) | 1.03 | (0.83 to 1.29) | 62.56 | 2.50‡ | (2.14 to 2.91) | 0.91 | (0.70 to 1.19) |
| Friend uses e-cigarettes | ||||||||||
| No | 39.71 | Reference | Reference | 38.98 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 59.80 | 1.96‡ | (1.67 to 2.31) | 0.72‡ | (0.57 to 0.91) | 60.17 | 2.75‡ | (2.33 to 3.25) | 0.70‡ | (0.51 to 0.95) |
| Friend uses HTP | ||||||||||
| No | 48.05 | Reference | Reference | 49.90 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 77.73 | 4.19‡ | (3.27 to 5.38) | 4.15‡ | (3.11 to 5.55) | 66.43 | 1.98‡ | (1.59 to 2.47) | 1.83‡ | (1.31 to 2.57) |
| Constructed scales (score range) | Mean | OR | 95%CI | AOR† | 95%CI | Mean | OR | 95%CI | AOR† | 95%CI |
| Sensation seeking (1–4) | 2.87 | 1.61‡ | (1.44 to 1.80) | 1.08 | (0.95 to 1.24) | 2.97 | 2.47‡ | (2.20 to 2.78) | 1.41‡ | (1.19 to 1.68) |
| Technophilia (0–7) | 5.85 | 1.29‡ | (1.19 to 1.41) | 1.07 | (0.97 to 1.19) | 5.82 | 1.29‡ | (1.18 to 1.40) | 1.04 | (0.91 to 1.20) |
| Family Affluence Scale (0–9) | 7.46 | 1.15‡ | (1.09 to 1.21) | 1.10‡ | (1.04 to 1.17) | 7.29 | 1.04 | (0.99 to 1.09) | 0.94 | (0.88 to 1.02) |
*All models include a random intercept for each participant to account for school clustering.
†Adjusted models are adjusted for all independent variables.
‡Significant at α=0.05.
AOR, adjusted OR; HTP, heated tobacco product.