Table 3.
Crude and adjusted ORs for ever and current HTP use among Guatemalan youth*
| Ever HTP use (not current) n=241 (8.6%) |
Current HTP use n=84 (2.9%) |
|||||||||
| % | OR | 95%CI | AOR† | 95%CI | % | OR | 95%CI | AOR† | 95%CI | |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Female | 7.56 | Reference | Reference | 2.63 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Male | 9.75 | 1.40‡ | (1.07 to 1.84) | 1.22 | (0.86 to 1.72) | 3.42 | 1.31 | (0.84 to 2.06) | 1.03 | (0.56 to 1.89) |
| Age (mean) | 15.87 | 1.72‡ | (1.53 to 1.94) | 1.20 | (0.97 to 1.50) | 15.65 | 1.39‡ | (1.16 to 1.65) | 0.85 | (0.58 to 1.25) |
| Grade—US categories | ||||||||||
| Basico (grades 8–9) | 3.77 | Reference | Reference | 1.43 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Bachillerato (grades 10–12) | 12.44 | 3.45‡ | (2.47 to 4.82) | 0.92 | (0.49 to 1.71) | 4.45 | 2.86‡ | (1.69 to 4.83) | 2.18 | (0.68 to 6.96) |
| School performance | ||||||||||
| <80% | 11.78 | Reference | Reference | 4.54 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 80%–89% | 10.07 | 0.71 | (0.50 to 1.01) | 1.04 | (0.67 to 1.63) | 3.36 | 0.69 | (0.41 to 1.17) | 0.74 | (0.36 to 1.52) |
| 90%–100% | 5.24 | 0.29‡ | (0.19 to 0.45) | 0.69 | (0.38 to 1.25) | 1.81 | 0.38‡ | (0.20 to 0.72) | 0.84 | (0.35 to 2.00) |
| Parents’ highest educational attainment | ||||||||||
| Secondary school or less | 16.67 | Reference | Reference | 2.44 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| High school or technical school | 10.90 | 0.63 | (0.28 to 1.43) | 0.50 | (0.18 to 1.69) | 2.92 | 1.37 | (0.18 to 10.70) | 0.62 | (0.07 to 5.60) |
| University or more | 8.12 | 0.48 | (0.22 to 1.04) | 0.36 | (0.12 to 1.07) | 3.29 | 1.52 | (0.21 to 11.25) | 0.63 | (0.07 to 5.51) |
| Missing | 5.15 | 0.27‡ | (0.09 to 0.80) | 0.28 | (0.06 to 1.37) | 0.77 | 0.72 | (0.06 to 8.11) | 0.00 | NA |
| Substance use variables | % | OR | 95%CI | AOR† | 95%CI | % | OR | 95%CI | AOR† | 95%CI |
| Cigarette smoker§ | ||||||||||
| Never (unsusceptible) | 1.75 | Reference | Reference | |||||||
| Never (susceptible) | 4.59 | 2.76‡ | (1.60 to 4.76) | 1.34 | (0.69 to 2.61) | |||||
| Ever (not current) | 18.37 | 12.70‡ | (7.92 to 20.36) | 3.73‡ | (2.03 to 6.82) | 1.59 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Current | 37.98 | 34.93‡ | (21.01 to 58.08) | 6.63‡ | (3.20 to 13.74) | 24.56 | 13.81‡ | (8.79 to 21.68) | 3.90‡ | (1.90 to 8.02) |
| E-cigarette user§ | ||||||||||
| Never (unsusceptible) | 0.42 | Reference | Reference | |||||||
| Never (susceptible) | 0.55 | 1.31 | (0.26 to 6.49) | 0.71 | (0.13 to 3.92) | |||||
| Ever (not current) | 11.19 | 29.66‡ | (9.37 to 93.89) | 9.31‡ | (2.61 to 33.23) | 0.25 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Current | 20.00 | 59.31‡ | (18.84 to 186.69) | 10.40‡ | (2.75 to 39.17) | 11.73 | 45.24‡ | (19.32 to 105.94) | 46.12‡ | (16.15 to 131.74) |
| Alcohol¶ | ||||||||||
| Never | 1.47 | Reference | Reference | |||||||
| Ever (not current) | 4.22 | 2.96‡ | (1.47 to 5.97) | 1.14 | (0.50 to 2.60) | |||||
| Current (no binge) | 8.18 | 5.99‡ | (3.02 to 11.87) | 1.19 | (0.52 to 2.75) | 1.73 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Current (binge) | 26.25 | 23.92‡ | (12.43 to 46.03) | 2.53‡ | (1.08 to 5.95) | 10.12 | 4.55‡ | (2.94 to 7.06) | 0.53 | (0.27 to 1.06) |
| Marijuana | ||||||||||
| Never | 6.07 | Reference | Reference | 1.74 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Ever (not current) | 29.03 | 6.18‡ | (4.20 to 9.09) | 1.37 | (0.84 to 2.22) | 16.67 | 8.54‡ | (5.03 to 14.51) | 1.91 | (0.87 to 4.18) |
| Current | 45.98 | 12.57‡ | (7.93 to 19.93) | 2.29‡ | (1.27 to 4.13) | 25.40 | 10.64‡ | (5.77 to 19.60) | 1.32 | (0.50 to 3.45) |
| Internet cigarette ad exposure | ||||||||||
| Never | 6.54 | Reference | Reference | 1.85 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Rarely/sometimes | 8.88 | 1.46‡ | (1.07 to 2.00) | 1.13 | (0.74 to 1.75) | 3.12 | 1.60 | (0.92 to 2.78) | 1.27 | (0.55 to 2.90) |
| Mostly/always | 14.33 | 2.56‡ | (1.69 to 3.88) | 1.50 | (0.81 to 2.77) | 6.88 | 3.37‡ | (1.75 to 6.51) | 2.65 | (0.91 to 7.71) |
| Internet e-cigarette ad exposure | ||||||||||
| Never | 5.45 | Reference | Reference | 2.04 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Rarely/sometimes | 8.09 | 1.54‡ | (1.08 to 2.18) | 0.67 | (0.41 to 1.09) | 2.73 | 1.37 | (0.77 to 2.45) | 0.49 | (0.20 to 1.18) |
| Mostly/always | 16.41 | 3.61‡ | (2.45 to 5.31) | 0.98 | (0.54 to 1.77) | 6.52 | 2.95‡ | (1.59 to 5.47) | 0.40 | (0.14 to 1.13) |
| Family member smokes cigarettes | ||||||||||
| No | 5.28 | Reference | Reference | 2.07 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 14.88 | 3.10‡ | (2.36 to 4.07) | 1.70‡ | (1.19 to 2.45) | 5.01 | 2.28‡ | (1.47 to 3.54) | 2.00‡ | (1.03 to 3.88) |
| Family member smokes e-cigarettes | ||||||||||
| No | 6.58 | Reference | Reference | 2.42 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 16.49 | 2.64‡ | (1.98 to 3.51) | 1.37 | (0.94 to 2.01) | 5.74 | 2.19‡ | (1.39 to 3.46) | 0.74 | (0.38 to 1.46) |
| Family member uses HTP | ||||||||||
| No | 8.09 | Reference | Reference | 2.86 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 12.40 | 1.58‡ | (1.13 to 2.23) | 0.90 | (0.58 to 1.42) | 4.60 | 1.49 | (0.86 to 2.60) | 1.08 | (0.50 to 2.33) |
| Friend smokes cigarettes | ||||||||||
| No | 4.77 | Reference | Reference | 1.12 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 12.07 | 2.71‡ | (2.01 to 3.66) | 0.77 | (0.50 to 1.18) | 4.89 | 4.03‡ | (2.29 to 7.07) | 0.83 | (0.38 to 1.82) |
| Friend uses e-cigarettes | ||||||||||
| No | 3.97 | Reference | Reference | 0.60 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 10.22 | 2.93‡ | (2.06 to 4.18) | 0.51‡ | (0.30 to 0.86) | 4.63 | 6.52‡ | (3.00 to 14.19) | 0.61 | (0.21 to 1.77) |
| Friend uses HTP | ||||||||||
| No | 6.72 | Reference | Reference | 1.19 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 21.14 | 3.98‡ | (2.94 to 5.39) | 7.28‡ | (4.64 to 11.43) | 15.65 | 12.40‡ | (7.81 to 19.71) | 21.06‡ | (11.13 to 39.85) |
| Constructed scales (score range) | Mean | OR | 95%CI | AOR† | 95%CI | Mean | OR | 95%CI | AOR† | 95%CI |
| Sensation seeking (1–4) | 3.10 | 2.46‡ | (1.97 to 3.07) | 1.27 | (0.96 to 1.68) | 3.25 | 3.34‡ | (2.26 to 4.92) | 1.34 | (0.80 to 2.27) |
| Technophilia (0–7) | 5.96 | 1.40‡ | (1.18 to 1.67) | 1.12 | (0.89 to 1.40) | 6.11 | 1.81‡ | (1.32 to 2.48) | 1.34 | (0.90 to 2.00) |
| Family Affluence Scale (0–9) | 7.64 | 1.18‡ | (1.07 to 1.30) | 1.15‡ | (1.02 to 1.31) | 7.63 | 1.18‡ | (1.01 to 1.38) | 1.04 | (0.84 to 1.29) |
*All models include a random intercept for each participant to account for school clustering.
†Adjusted models are adjusted for all independent variables.
‡Significant at α=0.05.
§Due to low counts, for current use models, cigarette and e-cigarette use was combined to current user versus non-current user.
¶Due to low counts, alcohol use was combined to non-binge versus binge in the last month.
AOR, adjusted OR; HTP, heated tobacco product; NA, not applicable.