Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies examining prefrail or frail hospitalised older adults

Study	Country	N	Mean age	Study participants, characteristics	Recruitment site	Duration of intervention	Follow-up period	Frailty diagnostic tool/criteria used	Reported % of prefrail, frail
Arrieta et al39	France	302	76.7±5.0	Frail, oncogeriatric, older men and women; BMI: 26.1±4.6 kg/m2 (UCG); 26.2±4.4 kg/m2 (IG)	Acute hospital	1 y	1 y, 2 y	Fried frailty phenotype criteria	Non-frail: 73.6% Frail: 26.4%
Rodriguez-Manas et al45	Spain	964	78.0±5.44	Frail older men and women with T2DM; BMI: 29.6±5.0 kg/m2	Acute hospitals or primary care sites	4.5 m (exercise), 3.5–4 w (nutrition)	1 y	Fried frailty phenotype criteria	Prefrail: 62.2% Frail: 37.8%
Niccoli et al40	Canada	47	81.3±1.0	Frail older men and women hospitalised patients; BMI: 26.4±6.6 kg/m2 (UCG), 24.2±5.2 kg/m2 (IG)	Acute hospital	Average LOS (days): 20.9 (UCG), 26.5 (IG)	On discharge	Fried frailty phenotype criteria	Prefrail: at least 87.8% Frail: NR
Luger et al33*	Austria	80	82.8±8.0	Frail older men and women; BMI: 27.2±4.3 kg/m2	Acute hospital and community	3 m	3 m	SHARE-FI (female >0.315; male >1.212 points)	Non-frail: 1% prefrail: 35%, frail: 64%
Milte et al41	Australia	175	83.0±6.2 (UCG), 82.4±5.7 (IG)	Frail older men and women posthip fracture, BMI: NR	Acute hospital	6 m	6 m	NR	Frail: 100% as determined by study authors
Cameron et al29†	Australia	241	83.3±5.9	Frail older men and women, BMI: 26.4±6.0 kg/m2 (UCG) 26.1±5.9 kg/m2 (IG)	Acute hospital	1 y	3 m, 1 y	Fried frailty phenotype criteria	Frail: 100% as determined by study authors
Singh et al42	Australia	124	79.3±9.6	Frail older men and women; BMI: NR	Acute hospital	1 y	4 m, 1 y	NR	Frail: 100% as determined by study authors
Villareal et al27‡	USA	107	69.3±4.1	Frail older men with obesity; BMI: 36.8±4.6 kg/m2	Acute hospital and community	1 y	6 m, 1 y	≥2 criteria: modified PPT score 18–32; VO2 peak of 11–18 mL/kg; difficulty in performing 2 IADL or 1 basic ADL	Mild-to-moderate frailty: 100%
Azad et al46	Canada	91	74.2 and 75.8	Frail CHF older women; BMI: NR	Acute hospital and community	6 w	6 w, 6 m	Screened by a CHF coordinator, frailty assessment undefined	Frail: 100% as determined by study authors
Blanc-Bisson et al43	France	76	85.4±6.6	Frail older men and women; BMI: 24.0±5.1 kg/m2	Acute hospital	Until clinical stability	Clinically stable, 1 m	NR	Frail: 100% as determined by study authors
Miller et al44	Australia	100	83.5±2.8	Frail older men and women with LL fracture; BMI: 22.1±4.3 kg/m2 (ACG), 23.2±kg/m2 (IG)	Acute hospital	3 m	3 m	NR	Frail: 100%

BMI presented in mean±SD.

Multiple articles reported from same study, study chosen to represent other reports from the same study are mentioned in footnotes *, † and ‡.

*Luger et al³³–Haider et al³⁴, Winzer et al³⁵, Kapan et al³⁶, Kapan et al³⁷ Haider et al³⁸.

†Cameron et al²⁷–Fairhall et al²⁸, Fairhall et al²⁹, Fairhall et al³⁰.

‡Villareal et al²⁷–Armamento-Villareal et al²⁸.

ACG, attention control group; ADL, activities of daily living; BMI, body mass index; CHF, chronic heart failure; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; IG, intervention group; LL, lower limb; LOS, length of stay; m, months; NR, not reported; PPT, physical performance test; SHARE-FI, Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe-Frailty Instrument; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; UCG, usual care group; VO₂, maximal oxygen uptake; w, weeks; y, years.