Table 1.

Comparison of weighted survey sample participant characteristics between the adult populations in the State of Punjab, India and the USA

Measure	Punjab (2014–2015)		USA (2013–2014)		P value
	N	Mean (SE) or %	N	Mean (SE) or %
Age (years)	2002	38.3 (0.60)	5057	42.5 (0.38)	<0.0001
Male (%)	2002	58.2%	5057	48.9%	0.0001
Education to high school or above (%)	2002	43.4%	4718	85.3%	<0.0001
Health insurance (%)	2002	6.2%	5052	79.8%	<0.0001
Height (cm)	1986	163.0 (0.37)	5008	169.0 (0.31)	<0.0001
Weight (Kg)	1993	65.4 (0.6)	5006	83.5 (0.54)	<0.0001
BMI (kg/m2)*	1982	24.6 (0.23)	5000	29.2 (0.20)	<0.0001
Underweight	1982	11.3	5000	1.5	<0.0001
Normal		29.5		29.1
Overweight		30.3		31.5
Obese		28.9		37.9
Waist (cm)	1995	89.0 (0.62)	4836	98.8 (0.38)	<0.0001
Current smoker (%)	2002	7.5%	5057	21.6%	<0.0001
Diabetes (%)	1043	7.7%	5057	8.9%	0.42
Hypertension (%)	2000	48.2%	5057	33.4%	<0.0001
CVD (%)	1989	4.6%	5057	3.4%	0.08
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	2001	1.4 (0.04)	2294	1.4 (0.04)	0.35
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	2002	3.9 (0.06)	4812	4.9 (0.02)	<0.0001
Serum creatinine (μmol/L)	2002	61.9 (0.9)	4798	77.8 (0.9)	<0.0001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)	2002	114.8 (1.1)	4798	97.8 (0.6)	<0.0001
eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2	2002	2.0%	4798	3.8%	<0.0001
Urine albumin (g/L; median)	1928	0.2 (0.03)	4971	0.07 (0.002)	<0.0001
Urine creatinine (μmol/L; median)	1928	7242 (265)	4971	9275 (292)	<0.0001
ACR (mg/mmol; median)†	1928	2.5 (0.25)	4971	0.66 (0.007)	<0.0001
ACR>3 mg/mmol	1928	46.7%	4971	8.9%	<0.0001

USA: underweight <18.5, normal = 18.5–24.9, overweight = 25–29.9, obese 30+.

India: underweight< 18, normal = 18–22.9, overweight = 23–24.9, obese 25+.

*Different body mass index (BMI) cut-points used for obesity.

†Median employed to examine differences in urine measurements due to high degree of risk skew.

ACR, urine albumin:creatinine ratio; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.