Table 2.

Association of educational attainment with depressive symptoms.

EA	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Level 0	Reference	Reference	Reference
Level 1	0.69 (0.65; 0.74)**	0.68 (0.64; 0.73)**	0.79 (0.73; 0.85)**
Level 2	0.55 (0.51; 0.59)**	0.55 (0.51; 0.59)**	0.71 (0.66; 0.77)**
Level 3	0.45 (0.42; 0.48)**	0.47 (0.44; 0.50)**	0.67 (0.62; 0.72)**
Level 4	0.42 (0.39; 0.47)**	0.46 (0.42; 0.50)**	0.68 (0.61; 0.75)**
Level 5	0.34 (0.32; 0.37)**	0.39 (0.36; 0.41)**	0.60 (0.56; 0.66)**
Level 6	0.37 (0.30; 0.44)**	0.44 (0.37; 0.53)**	0.76 (0.62; 0.92)*
AIC	122,316	119,886	101,877

Abbreviations: AIC, Akaike information criterion; EA, educational attainment.

Note: Results are odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals derived from logistic regression for the association of EA with depressive symptoms. Model 1: age, sex. Model 2: age, sex, household net worth, employment status, family status, number of children, number of grandchildren. Model 3: age, sex, household net worth, employment status, family status, number of children, number of grandchildren, limitations in instrumental activities of daily living, 10 words delayed recall test, number of chronic diseases, chronic vascular disease, body mass index, physical activity, smoking, excessive alcohol intake, drugs for anxiety/depression, maximal grip strength.

^* p < 0.05.

^** p < 0.001.