Table 1. . Detailed characteristics of the prospective, retrospective and systematic studies selected.
| Author (year) | Type of study | Time of study | n (total) | n (luminal) | n (ET) | TLMD (months) | Other therapies (ITT, RT, ChT) | ET | Survival/OS_LMD | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boogerd et al. (2004) | Prospective trial | 1991–1998 | 35 | – | 14 | – | Yes | Tamoxifen, orimeten, megestrol and fluoxymesterone | ITT arm 18.3 months Non-ITT 30.3 months |
[29] | |
| LeRhun et al. (2020) | Prospective trial | 2011–2018 | 73 | 39 | 2 | – | Yes | Exemestane (CG) anastrozole + enantone (EG) |
CG 4.0 months (95% CI: 2.2–6.3) EG 7.3 months (95% CI: 3.9–9.6) HR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.53–1.36, p = 0.51 |
[32] | |
| Brastianos et al. (2020) | Prospective trial | 2016–2018 | 22 | 7 | 2 | – | Yes | Fulvestran, letrozole | OS (3 months) 0.60 (90% CI: 0.39–0.78) (for total n) Median survival 3.6 months (90% CI: 2.2–5.2) (for total n) |
[55] | |
| LeRhun et al. (2013) | Retrospective study | 2007–2011 | 103 | 44 | 15 | – | Yes | – | 3.8 months (1 day–2.8 years) (for total n) | [15] | |
| Comte et al. (2013) | Retrospective study | 2000–2012 | 66 | 45† | 9 | – | Yes | – | 4.5 months (for total n) use of ET vs no ET, p = 0.15 |
[14] | |
| Torréjon et al. (2013) | Retrospective study | 2005–2010 | 38 | 7 (lum A) 12 (lum B) |
1 (lum A) | 96.2 (63.3–129.3) (lum A) 66.3 (33.2–97.4) (lum B) |
Yes | Anastrozole | 2.7 months (95% CI: 1.2–4.1) (lum A)‡ 1.3 months (95% CI: 0.0–3.2) (lum B)‡ 3.0 months (95% CI: 2.6–3.4) (HER2+) 3.1 months (95% CI: 0.0–6.4) (TN) p = 0.296 |
[10] | |
| Abouharb et al. (2014) | Retrospective study | 1997–2012 | 233 | 67 | 19 | – | Yes | – | 4.4 months (HER2+); 3.7 months (luminal)‡; 2.2 months (TN); p = 0.0002 Use of SACT (luminal)‡ HR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.24–0–69, p = 0.001 |
[11] | |
| Kingston et al. (2017) | Retrospective study | 2004–2014 | 182 | 90 | 7 | – | Yes | – | 5.4 months (95% CI: 4.2–6.6) (for total n) | [56] | |
| Niwinska et al. (2017) | Retrospective study | 1999–2015 | 187 | 75 | 32 | – | Yes | – | 4.2 months (0.1–47 months) (for total n) 9.6 months (95% 4.3–14.9) (best group) |
[12] | |
| Griguolo et al. (2018) | Retrospective study | 2002–2017 | 153 | 78 | 44 | 68.9 (40.0–97.9)§ | Yes | – | 11.4 months (95% CI: 0.0–24) (HER2+) 6.6 months (95% CI: 0.4–12.7) (luminal/HER2+) 3.2 months (95% CI: 1.9–4.5) (luminal)‡ 2.0 months (95% CI: 0.0–4.3) (TN) p = 0.266 |
[18] | |
| Bergen et al. (2019) | Retrospective study | 1990–2017 | 198¶ | 30 | 8 | – | Yes | – | 7 months (luminal with ET) 3 months for (luminal without ET) p = 0.012, log-rank test |
[45] | |
| Total | 1290 | 449 | 152 | ||||||||
| Author (Year) | Type of study | Time of study | n (total) | n (luminal) | n (ET) | TLMD (months) | Other therapies (ITT, RT, ChT) | ET | PFS (months) | Survival/OS_LMD | Ref. |
| Lee et al. (2017) | Systematic review + pooled analysis | 2000–2016# | 34 | 5 | 7 | – | Yes | Tamoxifen, letrozole, exemestane, leuprolide | 13 (52 weeks, 34–209 weeks) | 16.25 months (65 weeks, 52–443 weeks) | [57] |
Corresponds to hormone receptor-positive patients; luminal patients are not distinguished, and we were not able to calculate them with the data available.
Corresponds to all luminal patients and not those who received ET.
Includes only 52 patients.
Total number of patients is 198 but corresponds to patients with CNS metastasis; only 30 had LMD.
Corresponds to year of publication and not time of diagnosis.
CG: Control group; ChT: Chemotherapy; EG: Experimental group; ET: Endocrine therapy; HR: Hazard ratio; ITT: Intrathecal therapy; LMD: Leptomeningeal disease; Lum: Luminal; OS: Overall survival; PFS: Progression-free survival; RT: Radiotherapy; SACT: Systemic anticancer therapy; TLMD: Time to the development of leptomeningeal disease; TN: Triple negative.