Table 3.
Sample characteristics—nominal and ordinal variables
| Variable | Category | Count/% | With outcome 0 (alive)/% | With outcome 1 (dead)/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Race | Asian | 456/58.1 | 337/73.9 | 119/26.1 |
| Other | 329/41.9 | 244/74.2 | 85/25.8 | |
| Total/% | 785/100 | 581/74.1 | 204/25.9 | |
| Mechanism of injury (MOI) | MVC | 294/37.5 | 222/75.5 | 72/24.5 |
| Fall | 199/25.4 | 142/71.4 | 57/28.6 | |
| Pedestrian | 162/20.5 | 110/67.9 | 52/32.1 | |
| Other | 130/16.6 | 107/82.3 | 23/17.7 | |
| Total/% | 785/100 | 581/74.1 | 204/25.9 | |
| Mode of arrival | Ambulance | 639/81.4 | 455/71.2 | 184/28.8 |
| Other | 146/18.6 | 126/86.3 | 20/13.7 | |
| Total/% | 785/100% | 581/74.1% | 204/25.9% | |
| Multiple rib fractures | No | 600/76.4% | 454/75.7% | 146/24.3% |
| Yes | 185/23.6% | 127/68.6% | 58/31.4% | |
| Total | 785/100% | 581/74.1% | 204/25.9% | |
| Lung contusion | No | 509/64.8% | 387/76% | 122/24% |
| Yes | 276/35.2% | 194/70.3% | 82/29.7% | |
| Total | 785/100% | 581/74.1% | 204/25.9% | |
| Hemothorax | No | 678/86.4% | 514/75.8% | 164/24.2% |
| Yes | 107/13.6% | 67/62.6% | 40/37.4% | |
| Total | 785/100% | 581/74.1% | 204/25.9% | |
| Pneumothorax | No | 594/75.7% | 456/76.8% | 138/23.2% |
| Yes | 191/24.3% | 125/65.4% | 66/34.6% | |
| Total | 785/100% | 581/74.1% | 204/25.9% | |
| Midline shift | No | 521/66.4% | 416/79.8% | 105/20.2% |
| Yes | 264/33.6% | 165/62.5% | 99/37.5% | |
| Total/% | 785/100 | 581/74.1 | 204/25.9 | |
| TBI diagnosis/ CT findings | SDH | 226/28.8 | 151/66.8 | 75/33.2 |
| EDH | 161/20.5 | 140/87 | 21/13 | |
| SAH | 86/11 | 48/55.8 | 38/44.2 | |
| CONT | 119/15.2 | 101/84.9 | 18/15.1 | |
| DAI | 106/13.5 | 85/80.2 | 21/19.8 | |
| Other | 87/11.1 | 56/64.4 | 31/35.6 | |
| Total/% | 785/100 | 581/74.1 | 204/25.9 | |
| Cerebral edema | No | 701/89.3 | 552/78.7 | 149/21.3 |
| Yes | 84/10.7 | 29/34.5 | 55/65.5 | |
| Total/% | 785/100 | 581/74.1 | 204/25.9 | |
| Head AIS (HAIS) | 3 | 241/30.7 | 218/90.5 | 23/9.5 |
| 4 | 187/23.8 | 140/74.9 | 47/25.1 | |
| 5 | 357/45.5 | 223/62.5 | 134/37.5 | |
| Total/% | 785/100 | 581/74.1 | 204/25.9 | |
| Face AIS (FAIS) | 0 | 399/50.8 | 276/69.2 | 123/30.8 |
| 1 | 85/10.8 | 70/82.4 | 15/17.6 | |
| 2 (2–5)a | 301/38.3 | 235/78.1 | 66/21.9 | |
| Total/% | 785/100 | 581/74.1 | 204/25.9 | |
| Chest AIS (CAIS) | 0 | 353/45 | 282/79.9 | 71/20.1 |
| 1 (1–2)a | 120/15.3 | 82/68.3 | 38/31.7 | |
| 2 (3–5)a | 312/39.7 | 217/69.6 | 95/30.4 | |
| Total/% | 785/100 | 581/74.1 | 204/25.9 | |
| Abdomen AIS (AAIS) | 0 | 610/77.7 | 473/77.5 | 137/22.5 |
| 1 (1–2)a | 104/13.2 | 67/64.4 | 37/35.6 | |
| 2 (3–5)a | 71/9 | 41/57.7 | 30/42.3 | |
| Total/% | 785/100 | 581/74.1 | 204/25.9 | |
| Spine AIS (SAIS) | 0 | 538/68.5 | 402/74.7 | 136/25.3 |
| 1 (1–5)a | 274/31.5 | 179/72.5 | 68/27.5 | |
| Total/% | 785/100 | 581/74.1 | 204/25.9 | |
| Extremities AIS (EAIS) | 0 | 416/53 | 316/76 | 100/24 |
| 1 (1–2)a | 262/33.4 | 194/74 | 68/26 | |
| 2 (3–5)a | 107/13.6 | 71/66.4 | 36/33.6 | |
| Total/% | 785/100 | 581/74.1 | 204/25.9 | |
| Known comorbidities | No | 659/83.9 | 496/75.3 | 163/24.7 |
| Yes | 126/16.1 | 85/67.5 | 41/32.5 | |
| Total/% | 785/100 | 581/74.1 | 204/25.9 | |
| Intubation location | In-hospital | 267/34 | 210/78.7 | 57/21.3 |
| Pre-hospital | 518/66 | 371/71.6 | 147/28.4 | |
| Total/% | 785/100 | 581/74.1 | 204/25.9 | |
| VTE prophylaxis | No | 180/22.9 | 60/33.3 | 120/66.7 |
| Yes | 605/77.1 | 521/86.1 | 84/13.9 | |
| Total/% | 785/100 | 581/74.1 | 204/25.9 | |
| Blood transfusion | No | 252/32.1 | 228/90.5 | 24/9.5 |
| Yes | 533/67.9 | 353/66.2 | 180/33.8 | |
| Total/% | 785/100 | 581/74.1 | 204/25.9 |
MVC: Motor vehicle crash, SDH: subdural hemorrhage, EDH: epidural hemorrhage, SAH: subarachnoid hemorrhage, CONT: hemorrhagic contusion, DAI: diffuse axonal injury, VTE: venous thromboembolism
aMedian and range